مجله به زراعی کشاورزی
سال شانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and zinc foliar application on yield, seed quality, seed vigor and zinc content of different organs of soybean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design arrangement as a split factorial with three replications. Main factor was three levels of drought stress (non stress, water stress in vegetative growth stage (S1) and water stress in flowering stage (S2)) and subordinate factor was combination of foliar zinc application and cultivar. Foliar zinc application in three levels (non foliar application, water foliar application and zinc sulfate (5000 ppm)) foliar application and two cultivars (L17 and Clarck 63) were used in this experiment. Results showed that traits were affected by treatments. Water deficit stress in both vegetative and reproductive stages cause to decrease in the yield, zinc content of organs, seed protein and oil percentage and seed vigor, but hard seed percentage were increased to 189 and 472 in S1 and S2, respectively. Clark 63 was desirable under water deficit stress. The highest yield reduction was observed for stress treatment at the reproductive growth stage. Zinc sulfate foliar application increased the yield, zinc content of seed, seed protein percentage and seedling vigor 34, 26, 5 and 38 percent, respectively, but decreased seed oil percentage and hard seed percentage 4 and 58, respectively. Zinc foliar application was more effective in yield of increment L17 than Clarck 63.

This research aim was evaluation of rice genotypes in modified systems. An experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with four replications at Neka region, Mazandaran province, Iran in 2011-2012. Cropping systems were chosen as main plots including conventional, improved and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and genotypes as sub plots including: Sang Tarom, Hashemi Tarom, Neda and Shiroodi. The result indicated that the most number of fertile tiller per hill, number of spikelet per square meter (374.8 number) and number of filled spikelet percentage per panicle was produced in SRI that has led to the most paddy yield (6412 kg ha-1). The most number of filled spikelet per panicle and filled spikelet percentage per panicle was obtained for cv. Tarom Hashemi. But, number of panicle per square meter (396.8 numbers) was the highest in cv. Neda. The maximum paddy yield equivalent to 7272 and 7315 kg ha-1 was observed for cv. Neda and Shiroodi. The most paddy yield equivalent to 7770 kg ha-1 had produced at interaction of SRI and cv. Neda. Paddy yield in SRI, equal to 5.44 and 12.65 percentage more than improved and conventional system, respectively. Therefore, SRI was the cropping system that with creating optimum management practices has led to increase paddy yield and yield components.

Proline and glycine betaine are the most common compatible solutes that prevent plants from destructive effects of osmotic stresses by osmotic adjustment and protection of membranes, proteins and enzymes. It has been reported that exogenous application of these compounds, can increase plant resistance to drought stress. Therefore a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design on four replications was performed on four grapevine cultivars (Khushnav, Peykani, Perlette, and Flame Seedless). Grapevines under drought stress were irrigated by 70% of the vine water requirement. Proline (10 mM) and Glycine Betaine (15 mM) sprayed on grapevines at four growth stage (before flowering, flowering, sour Cluster and veraison). Results showed that endogenous proline and glycine betaine amount, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity in treated vines were significantly higher than the control vines, in both proline and glycine betaine. Among the treated vines the most and the least amount of proline was evaluated in flame seedless and peykani respectively. Other measured characteristics in cultivars did not show significant difference. According to the role of these enzymes in eliminating of reactive oxygen spices (ROS) and also the role of proline and glycine betaine in antioxidants activating, with using of these two osmolyte will be able to increase the vines tolerance in drought stress conditions.

Biosynthesis of plant pigments are affected by environmental factors including light. Chlorophyll content of plant changes to absorb maximum photons, and different light intensities affect phenolic’s metabolism including anthocyanins. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different light intensities on photosynthetic and non photosynthetic pigment of rose during 2011. In this study, the effects of different light intensities include 240, 520, 640 mol m-2s-1 and control with 1200 molm-2s-1 (without application of plastic nets) on two rose cultivars was evaluated under greenhouse condition. Plastic nets were used to obtain different levels of light intensities. The results showed that photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids, were significantly (p≤0.01) increased in light intensity of 240 molm-2s-1 compared with control. In this light intensity antocyanin content was significantly reduced. Reducing light intensity to 240 molm-2s-1 could result in higher chlorophyll as well as carotenoid content without significant changes in flavonoids. Increasing anthocyanin content with increasing light intensity to 1200 molm-2s-1 could be a defense mechanism in plants against toxic levels of light intensities.

In order to achievement to Low Input Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) this study has carried out in experimental fields of Borujerd agricultural research station (Lorestan province –Iran) in 2011. Two factorial experiments (RCBD) with three replications have been studied. Experimental treatments including: four levels of chemical fertilizers: (nitrogen & phosphorus) F0=N0+P0, F1=N25 (25k/h Urea 46%nitrogen) + P50(50k/h Super phosphate triple 46% P2O5), F2=N50 +P100 and F3=N75 +P150. The biological fertilizers including: control, PGPR (Pseudomonas florescence11168 strine), native Rhizobium (Rhizobium legominosarum bv.trifolli RTB2) and co-inoculation. Results showed that the location effect was significantly (p<0.01) affected on green yield, height, regrow rate and (p<0.05) on CP and ADF. The most parameters were more in location 2 than that of location 1.The CP, DMD and height were not significant under chemical and biological treatments. The highest green yield (76.16 t/ha) was observed in Pseudomonas and native Rhizobium at highest rate of chemical fertilizers (B2F4 and B3F4). The efficiency of F2B in comparison to F3B0 treatments was increased green yield (0.33 percentage), Crud Protein (2.6 percentage), chlorophyll content (1.9 percentage), regrow rate (4.69 percentage), Ash (3.97 percentage) and decrease of CF (-0.15 percentage). CP tended (r= -0.35; α=0.1) and (r=-0.73; α=0.01) negatively correlated with ADF and CF respectively. It seems that application of reduced chemical fertilizers integrated with biological fertilizers (specially native rhizobium) can positively interact on yield as well as forage quality leading to decrease chemical

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morphological, agronomic of characters and the essential oil amount in coriander, a field experiment was arranged as split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh., Iran during growing season of 2010-2011. Treatments were consisted of three levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90% FC) and fertilizer treatments (control, NPK (60: 60: 40), cow manure (25ton/hec) and vermicompost (25ton/hec). Different traits such as plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight, hebage yield and number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, total number of seeds in plant, fruit yield, 1000 seed weight and essential oil percentage and yield were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated that water stress and application of fertilizer treatmenst had significant effect on all studied trait (p>0.01). The maximum hebage yield (5371 kg/ha) and seed yield (3905 kg/ha) were achieved in 90% FC combined with NPK and mild stress under NPK treatment, respectively. The highest essential oil percentage (0.77%) and essential oil yield (18.49 kg/ha) were obtained in mild stress by using chemical fertilizer. According to the fact that application of fertilizers in mild stress conditions leads to increase in essential oil's yield and percentage, hence the use of chemical fertilizers in coriander cultivation as a medicinal plant in mild drought stress would be recommendable.

This research was conducted to assess the effects of management and environmental factors on the weed species richness of winter crops in Ilam province. In order to recognize the weed species three counties were selected based on the type of climate in 2011-2012. According to the cultivated areas of winter crops in each county 48 fields were chosen and demographic information were calculated by counting the weeds in each field. The geographic information such as altitude, longitude and elevation above sea level were recorded by GPS at each location. The results showed that 35 weed species were found in wheat (main winter crop) fields. The main broad leaf weeds in wheat fields were Malva neglecta, Vaccaria peramidata, Sinapsis arvensis, and Galium tricornutum. Avena ludoviciana were the most widespread grass weed species in these fields. It was found that S. arvensis and A. ludoviciana with 61.76 and 55.88 percent, respectively, had the greatest constancy on wheat fields. Only crop type and planting date were effective on weed species richness among crop management variables considered in this research.

This research was conducted to determine the optimum bud or flower developing stage for pollen collection and a proper pollen germination medium and to evaluate the effect of storage temperature and different concentrations of putrescine on pollen viability and germination of two genotypes of Damask rose (‘Azaran’ and ‘Kashan’). The main experiment was performed based on a factorial design, with 16 treatment and 4 replications. Factors studied included four levels of putrescine (concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 2.5 mM) and four levels of pollen storage temperatures (25, 4, -20 and -80 ᵒC). The best stage for collecting pollen grain was semi-open bud stage and the optimum medium containing 300 μg/l CaNO3, 200 μg/l MgSO4, 100 μg/l KNO3, 100 μg/l H3BO3, 15% sucrose and 1.2% agar. In ‘Azaran’ genotype, maximum and minimum of pollen germination rate was obtained in media containing 0.25 and 2.5 mM putrescine, respectively. Storage condition of pollen grains resulted in decreasing the pollen germination rate in ‘Kashan’ genotype, while storage of pollen grains at -80 ◦C revealed higher germination rate on medium containing 0.25 mM putrescine. As a result, maximum pollen germination percentage was obtained by storage of pollens in low temperature (-80 ᵒC) and in media containing low concentrations of putrescine.

This study was conducted with the main prupose of investigation the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation rate, rooting and the acclimatization of Gisela 6 rootstock at Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center during 2011-2012. In this experiment, the proliferation and rooting were performed in six kinds of culture medium (DKW, WPM and MS in two solid and liquid media) that supplemented with plant growth regulators included TDZ and BAP in 0, 1, 2 mg/l plus 0.01 mg/l IBA in all treatments of the proliferation and IBA with 0, 1, 2, 3 mg/l in rooting step. The results showed that the most number and length of shoot were 6.48 shoot and 3.14 cm, respectively in solid WPM medium and 2 mg/l BAP concentration and liquid MS medium with 1 mg/l concentration of TDZ. The liquid MS medium in 2 mg/l of IBA caused the highest percentage of rooting and root length, 93.90% in 11.76 cm, respectively. Although applying of the liquid media was resulted in better acclimatization of plantlets, but the highest percent of plantlets survival was obtained in WPM liquid medium with 2 mg/l concentration of IBA at about 91.80%.

A field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station Payamenoor University of Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2009-2010. Treatments included bean and dill monoculture, row intercropping, strip intercropping (two rows of bean+ four rows of dill and four rows of bean+ two rows of dill) and intra- row intercropping (50% dill+ 50% bean). The result showed that the highest and the lowest grain yield and biological yield of bean were achieved in row intercropping and intra- row intercropping (50% dill+ 50% bean), respectively. The plants were planted as replacement method. The highest grain yield (1630 kg/ha) and biological yield (3593 kg/ha) of bean were obtained at row intercropping and the lowest grain yield (414 kg/ha) and biological yield (870 kg/ha) of bean were achieved in intra- row intercropping, respectively. The results showed that the maximum grain yield (340 kg/ha) and biological yield (1926 kg/ha) of dill were obtained at monoculture and the minimum grain yield (340 kg/ha) and biological yield (1926 kg/ha) of dill were achieved in strip intercropping (four rows of bean+ two rows of dill intercropping), respectively. The highest essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were obtained by row intercropping, compared with other treatments. The highest (1.9) and the lowest LER (0.80) values were obtained from row intercropping and intra- row intercropping patterns, respectively. The maximum population of pest obtained under monoculture, while the minimum population of biological predators was observed under intra- row intercropping.

In order to evaluate the effect of row spacing and seed rate on grain yield and agronomical traits of Common Bean cultivars, a split factorial experiment based on the complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) in 2008 and 2009 cropping years. Experimental treatments were row spacing in three levels of 20, 30 and 40 cm as main plot and seed rate in three levels of 70, 90 and 110 kg/ha and Common Bean cultivars including ‘Kkhaldar ghermez’ and ‘Kiashahri ghermez’ cultivars as sub plots. Mean comparison results showed that maximum grain yield was obtained from the second year, row spacing of 20 cm, ‘Kkhaldar ghermez’ cultivar and seed rate of 110 kg.ha-1 with averages of 1478.8 kg/ha, 1396.3 kg/ha, 1398.8 kg.ha-1 and 1414.1 kg/ha, respectively. Seed rate of 110 kg/ha also had maximum protein yield (334.0 kg/ha). Based on the results, the use of narrow row spacing, more seed rate and ‘Kkhaldar ghermez’ cultivar is better for planting Common Bean in the experienced region due to high grain yield and early maturity.

This study is performed to analyze the effect of zeolite application on yield and yield components of rapeseed under drought conditions as a factorial-split on the base of randomized complete block design with four replications in 2011-12 in research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj. The effects of zeolite levels Z0 (0) and Z10 (10 ton/ha) under three drought stress levels, control (irrigation after 40%), moderate stress, (irrigation after 60%) and severe stress (irrigation after 80% soil water depletion) were in main plots and four genotypes of Brassica napus (KR4, Eldo lines and GKH 305, Anatol cultivars) were in subplots. Based on the results, negative impact of drought on yield components, lead to a significant fall in grain and oil yield. The most negative impact of drought stress was seen in the grain number per silique. The use of zeolites with a positive impact on the number of silique per stem, seed number per silique and seed weight showed an increase of 27, 64 and 94% average seed yield, in control, moderate and severe stress conditions, respectively. Between genotypes, GKH305 in none stress condition and Anatol in both mild and severe stress conditionshad the highest yield. According to the result, zeolite can be used in growth period or part time of drought stress.

The water deficit is the most important limiting non-biological factor to achieve the potential yield of crops. To evaluate the effect of silicon application on yield of millet under drought stress in field an experimental was carried out. Treatments were included three irrigation regimes after 60 (non-stress), 90 (moderate stress) and 120 (severe stress) mm evaporation from evaporation pan, class A and four methods of silicon application including non-spray (control), spray, spray and using with irrigation water and using silicon with irrigation water in 2012 growing season in split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCDB) with three replications in Hamedan. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and silicon on all traits, except water use efficiency under drought stress and number of grains per spike after silicon application were significant. The biological yield and grain yield were decreased by 15 and 22 percent in the moderate stress and 33 and 42 percent in the severe stress, respectively. Interaction between drought and silicon application on 1000 seed weight, grain yield and water use efficiency were significant. The use of integrated silicon as spray and irrigation water had the highest positive effects on grain weight, water use efficiency, harvest index and benefit-cost ratio. Economic analysis of different treatments showed higher benefit-cost ratio of all silicon applications. But maximum benefit-cost ratio was recorded from spray and using with irrigation water. Therefore applications of silicon in combination of both methods are recommended.

Optimal nutrition of grapevine is one of the most important factors that affect the quantity, quality and time of fruit ripening. In order to increase the quantity and quality of ‘Askari’ cultivar, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Shahrekord in 2010. Treatments consisted of four levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (0, 300, 600 and 900 g per vine) and four levels of boric acid fertilizer (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm). The results showed that potassium had a significant effect on yield and yield components. Different levels of potassium sulfate and boric acid increased cluster (number, weight, length, width) and fruit soluble solids. With increasing potassium levels, the number of clusters (14, 18 and 25) and content of total soluble solid (0.54, 1.45 and 1.53%) were significantly increased in comparison with control, respectively. Also, total soluble solids of berries were increased significantly (0.76, 0.75 and 1.25%) with boron treatment compared to control. The highest TSS (18.8) obtained in 900 mg of potassium sulfate per square meter, while it caused the greatest reduction in fruit acidity compared with the control. Fruits pH was decreased by 0.3 units with application of 3000 ppm of boric acid. The results of this experiment showed that nutrient treatments, especially potassium sulfate accelerated fruit ripening and increased fruit yield and sugar content.

During cold seasons cucumber growth in open air encounters chilling damages. Plastic tunnels provide suitable heat environment to grow cucumber. The aim of this research is to evaluate cucumber phonological stages and leaf area expansion within three different plastic tunnel microclimates to moderate air temperatures and air humidity. Three microclimates of (1) completely closed plastic tunnel (MC), (2) perforated plastic tunnel (MP10), with 100 holes (10 mm in diameter) per m2, and (3) perforated plastic tunnel (MP15), with 100 holes (15 mm in diameter) per m2, as experimental treatments, were employed using a complete block design with tree replications. By employing SNK post-hocthe results showed a significant difference for growth degree-days and leaf area expansion between tunnels. Within MC tunnel phonological stages always were occurred ahead of other treatments. Cucumber leaf numbers and second lateral branches within MC were significantly higher than perforated plastic ones. Late in the season leaf area of MP10 reached MCs. In conclusion, MP10 microclimate with relevant microclimate condition could be a good option for early cucumber production.

In order to evaluate effect of sugarcane filter muds and chemical and biological fertilizers application on canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and some of soil properties, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2012 in experimental farm of Ramin (Mollasani) Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan. A complete blocks design was used for the experiment with three replication. Different integrated treatments of filter muds and chemical fertilizers including A1: 100 % filter muds, A2: 75 % filter muds and 25 % chemical fertilizers, A3: 50 % filter muds and 50 % chemical fertilizers, A4: 25 % filter muds and 75 % chemical fertilizers and A5: 100 % chemical fertilizers was investigated as an experimental factor. Other experimental factor was biological fertilizers application (with and without biological fertilizers). The biological fertilizers investigated in this study was included nitroxin and barvar2. Application of filter muds had significant effects on canola yield, yield components, grain oil and protein contents. The soil organic matter and salinity also were affected by filter muds significantly. Highest canola grain yield was obtained by integration of filter muds and chemical fertilizers. Increase of filter muds caused to increase of grain oil content and decrease of nitrogen and nitrate content. On the other hand, increase of chemical fertilizers caused to increase of nitrate and nitrogen contents and decrease of oil content. In addition, increase of filter muds result in higher soil organic matter and salinity, simultaneously.

The first successful and an efficient regeneration system on in vitro direct plant regeneration of Agastache foeniculum was reported. The experiment were done in factorial design with 3 replications and explants were cultured in MS media fortified with different concentrations of BAP and TDZ (0, 2.2, 4.4, 8.8 µM) in combination with 3 levels of IAA (0, 1.1 and 2.2 µM). ANOVA analysis showed that direct shoot induction and regeneration was significantly influenced by hormones combinations. In BAP and IAA treatments, highest frequency of shoot induction (32.72) and maximum regenerated shoots (7.9 shoots per explants) was observed in MS media containing BAP (8.8 µM) alone. Although in TDZ and IAA treatments, highest average number of induced shoots (24.6) and (7.13 shoots per explants) were obtained in MS media fortified with 2.2 µM of TDZ. In second experiments, effect of basal media and different concentrations of IAA and IBA on root induction was analyzed. Profuse rooting was obtained in 74% of plantlets on 1/2 MS media containing (1.1µM) IBA and highest mean rooting (5.06 roots per seedlings) were obtained in same media. The well rooted plantlets were acclimatized successfully in greenhouse on perlite media and transferred to soil with 100% survival.

One of the effects of reducing water content on soil is reduction of growth and development of seedlings and variation of field development of them. It was found that seed priming improves some characteristics of seedling and plant. An experiment was conducted for evaluating the effect of seed priming by salicylic acid on some characteristics of barley seed at early growth stages, antioxidant enzyes activity and proline content under drought stress. The first factor was priming with salicylic acid (zero, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and the second factor was three levels of drought (0, -6 and -12 bar). The results showed that SA pretreatment effect on germination percentage, germination rate, dry weight, protein, catalase, ascorbat peroxidase activity and proline content were significant. The interaction effect of stress  seed treatment on leaf number was not significant but the main factors were significant. The highest germination percentage (98.7), germination rate and seedling dry weight were found at 100 ppm concentrations of salicylic acid. Under drought stress conditions, protein content decreased but salicylic acid pretreatment increased the valuet. Also, drought stress conditions increased enzyme activity and proline content, but salicylic acid pretreatment decreased them.

Due to importance of role of nitrogen on the agronomic traits of linseed oil, a factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at the field research station of faculty of agriculture at Shahrekord University in 2012. Five different treatments of fertilizer including urea, azomin, nitroxin, supernitroplus and control (without nitrogen) as the first factor and three ectotype of Iranian, French and Canadian linseed as second factor were evaluted. The results showed that, ecotypes and fertilizer treatments had significant effects on the plant height, leaf number, number of lateral branches, number of capsule, shoot dry weight per plant and grain yield per m-2. The maximum leaf number, number of lateral branches, number of capsule and shoot dry weight per plant were observed in French ecotype, while for the other traits Iranian ecotype had priority. ‏The traits measured under the chemical nitrogen treatment (urea) was greater than other fertilizer treatment. Although the resonse of linseed to biological and organic nitrogen was lower than chemical nitrogen, but it was significantly higher than control. Thus, application of biological and organic nitrogen, due to less environmental pollution, is reasonable compare to chemical fertilizer.

For vegetative propagation of Nemaguard, St Julien A, Tetra and GF677 rootstocks via cutting, two separate investigations were carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. Semi hard wood cuttings were taken in late August and then treated with concentrations of 0, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 mg/l IBA. Cuttings were cultured in perlite medium and in a greenhouse with mist system. In December, hardwood cuttings were taken and treated with concentrations of 0, 2500, 3000, 3500 and 4000 mg/l IBA. Cuttings were cultured in green house that equipped with bottom heat. After two months, the percentage of rooting, root number and root length were recorded. The results showed that semi hardwood cuttings of GF677 and then Nemaguard and tetra had the highest of root number and the most rooting percentage. Root length of these three rootstocks was not significantly different from each other. St Julien A was shown the lowest rooting. Most appropriate concentration for semi hard wood cutting was 2000, 2500 and 3000 mg/l IBA. Hardwood cuttings of GF677 in 4000 mg/l IBA treatments were produced the most number of roots and the highest of rooting percentage. Hardwood cuttings of tetra were not shown any rooting. Rooting percentage of semi hardwood cuttings was higher than hardwood cuttings. In general, application of semi hard wood cutting of these rootstocks and treatment of those with concentrations of 2000 and 2500 mg/l IBA is advisable.