فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1393)

It has been written one of the greatest and the most important explanation of Nahj ol- Balaqeh by Ibn e- Abi Hadid. This explanation being included the significant historical data in relation to Imam Hussein is deserved to be studied and criticized from various aspects. Following a quick review on the historical method of this interpretation and its characteristics, the present article has studied the historical narrations of this book in regard with Imam Hussein in the issues such as: the events prior to the imamate of Imam Hossein, animosity towards the family of Imam, prophecies concerning Karbala drama, giving idea pertaining to the position of Imam Hossein and the details of Karbala incident, furthermore, it has comparatively studied it with the other sources when required.

The study of intellectual trend in time of Imam Reza PBUH -183-203 After Hijrah and the way of that holiness dealing with it is considered the main issue of this article. The study of this intellectual trend shows that the extremism being current in time of the previous Imams has been continuing by the outstanding and well-known extremists such as Yunus ibn e- Zebyan, Mohammad ibn e- Forat as well as the others particularly Vaqefi –Bashiri- extremists. Furthermore, in this period we are observant of the advent of the extremist ideas such as entrusting, simile, metempsychosis as well as extremist traditions. Dealing with this trend, Imam Reza directly criticized them, severely prohibited any relationship and cordiality with them and additionally clarified the untruthfulness of the extremist thoughts.

The element of disagreement with the designation of caliphate is the issue which has made the minds of scholars busy with itself for along time. The investigation of various views concerning the reasons of disagreement can demonstrate the covert parts of history. Naqib Abuja’far 613 A.C -the Shiite theologian scholar- is of great ideas in this regard which have not been studied so far. All his view points can be searched in the explanation of Nahj ol-Balaqe by Ibn e-Abi Hadid e-Mo’tazeli 656 A.C. In a general observation, the disagreement with the designated caliphate in his view can be illustrated in the various attitudes of Sunnites regarding caliphate, the existence of grounds of disagreement in time of Prophet Mohammad having led to the opponents’ dare, making excuses against the Commander of the believers Ali PBUH and the sort of view towards the character of that holiness as well as Abubakr.

Religion along with its principles is considered the origin of numerous significant developments in the Islamic society. One of the important worships in Islam is hajj injunction with the purpose of the unity of God as well as the unanimity of Muslims and it is of vast social consequences. In Safavid era, Mecca land was under the domination of Sunnite ottomans, and per annum Shiite Iranians should have crossed the Ottoman territory to hold hajj. In this period, the dispute between Safavid and Ottoman governments had changed hajj into a disagreement scene among Shiite and Sunnite. Due to the political, religious, cultural, security, and economic issues present among Safavid and Ottoman governments, the Muslims encountered difficulties for hajj fulfillment and occasionally hajj was limited or prohibited by the governments. The present article is to study the way of holding hajj relying on the Ottoman and Iran relationships and it answers to this question whether the disagreement between these two governments has been of any effect on hajj issue or the hajj injunction has been fulfilled regardless of religious political disputes.

The Lifestyle is referred to a set of options applied by the individual to satisfy his present needs and to visualize a particular image who has selected for his personal identity. Relying on some elements developing the lifestyle and the investigation of them in the works of voyagers of Iran in Safavid era, this article tries to identify the Iranian woman’s Lifestyle among the writings of these travelers. The findings of this research reveal that keeping the womanly beauty particularly in terms of clothing, the Iranian women protected their secure privacy while being effectively present in the society and the men were required to consider this issue.

Religious play is considered as one of the earliest cultural elements in the history of Iran. In the Shiite culture, the religious play or passion play-Ta’zieh is identified as one of the mourning ceremonies intended for the Lord of martyrs -Abi Abdullah ibn e- Hossein PBUH. Following the unjustly martyrdom of Imam Hossein, the Muslims particularly Shiites have made an effort to keep alive the philosophy of Imam Hossein’s uprising through holding mourning ceremonies. In this research, utilizing the descriptive-analytical method together with library sources, it is investigated the ancientness of religious play in Iran, the history of advent of Ta’zieh in Iran, the function of Takiyes as well as Hosseiniehs in the mourning days.

Ottomans 687-1343 After Hijrah/ 1288-1924 A.C being attributed to one of the Turk tribes entitled Qez became at the service of Saljuqids and established a kingdom in littleAsia. This territory was developed at the beginning of 8th century After Hijrah / 14th century A.C and gradually it changed into a great empire being included numerous lands of Asia, Europe and Africa continents. Ottomans sallied towards Cyprus in time of the second sultan Salim. These invasions were followed by three centuries of Muslims ruling on this land. Ottoman government put the considerable effects on Cyprus community in political, economical, and religious aspects. This research investigates the religious effects of Ottoman presence in Cyprus. It seems that the entrance of ottomans in Cyprus in religious aspect, led to the orthodox Christians losing the dominance of Catholic church and through the settlement of Muslims in Cyprus and the acceptance of Islam by a group of Christians present in the island, a fixed religious element entered into Cyprus so that nowadays, Muslims are considered as the greatest religious group of Cyprus after orthodox Christians.