فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1392)

One of the most important issues that have affected the basis of education during the last decades has been the realization of comprehensive objects of learning. In this way، emphasis has been mostly on instruction and not teaching، encouraging students to be independent and creative، regarding learning as a process، paying attention to how students learn، encouraging students to communicate with their teacher and others، and on the ground in which learning takes place. One way to reach such objects is to develop social schools in the framework of educational plans and a spatial background and frame proportional to those educational plans. In this study، we have tried to introduce functional indices proportional to community schools by a brief description of social schools and identification of spatial areas in learning environments. For this purpose، case and background research has been used and data have been gathered by referring to library and using case study. The result of this study is indicating the indices of exterior spaces and the manner in which each of these indices influences the process of fostering the skills and intellects relating to exterior environments. In addition to having multiple intelligences، each person possesses different talent or learning styles. While all human beings possess all of these intelligences in varying amounts، each person has a different intellectual composition. These learning styles can work independently or together. The learning environments that emerged in the twentieth century generally valued passive learning activities. Children who show talent in the active intelligences are not receiving the same positive reinforcement to encourage them to develop their learning styles. The theory of multiple intelligences can therefore help transform the way schools operate. The challenge is to create educational programs that give children the opportunity to learn in the ways that harmonize with their unique minds. In creating a learning environment that encourages the development of these multiple intelligences، teachers do not need to present their lessons and students do not need to learn the subject in nine different ways. Rather، this theory encourages teachers to develop their curriculum and present lessons in a variety of ways so that students will acquire knowledge and master skills in way that are appropriate for them.

A comparative study of the application of symbol in Safavi and Iranian contemporary architecture The human kind was always accompanied by some tendency to use symbols، signs and codes. We’ve seen the most ancient of them in works of the primary human which are mostly in the form of graffiti due to technical reasons and in modern society there are few foundations which can be found with no trace of symbols and signs، since symbols and signs don’t require any other foundation than innovative mind of their creator. However، signs، as a kind of communication، need a dynamic society which is the other side of this communication، to communicate. The amount of applying these symbols and signs in different places and their vastness and variety are of the instances which always increase complication of discovering their true meaning. This mistaken recognition was always the challenge to this communication. In response to two questions of _ what are signs and symbols and where is the place for applying them in architecture? And what is the difference between using symbols and signs in Safavi and contemporary periods? _ this essay attempts to do a comparative study on the works of these two architectural periods of Iran by pointing out kinds of signs and presenting a classification of places in works of architecture where symbols and signs were applied. Therefore، a discussion about different kinds of signs، where they are applied in architecture and a case study were embarked on by using a combination of different studying methods of interpretive-historical and logical reasoning. In the end we study the differences and similarities and application process of symbols and signs in area of architecture.

Test of a sample approach of post occupancy evaluation (POE) methods for assessing health care spaces in Rasht (the capital of Guilan province، Iran) carried out through this study. The primary results of questionnaires compared to outcomes of controlling tools of the very same POE protocol، results of the following conducted interviews and qualitative analysis of variances in gathered data emerged Some social concept and factors assumed to be reasons of difference between findings of parallel ways; apparently influencing the assessment of built environment. On a macro scale of sociology these concepts were Apathy، Ignorance، Normlessness and Fear where on an operational scale the study addresses social concepts like Social situation، Active participation، Illiteracy، Lying، Reluctance to written participation، Lack of Inter-subjectivity، Peer pressure as well as more specific details like Time spent in space، Zoning and Who knows what. The applied POE (referring its validity to data gathering from real users of space) was an approach claiming to be an international tool for architecture evaluation free of cultural context might be used at. The test result indicates that previously mentioned social factors in Iran highly influence the findings and provide uncertain and invalid data if not considered in POE studies. The applied POE (referring its validity to data gathering from real users of space) was an approach claiming to be an international tool for architecture evaluation free of cultural context might be used at. The test result indicates that previously mentioned social factors in Iran highly influence the findings and provide uncertain and invalid data if not considered in POE studies. The applied POE (referring its validity to data gathering from real users of space) was an approach claiming to be an international tool for architecture evaluation free of cultural context might be used at. The test result indicates that previously mentioned social factors in Iran highly influence the findings and provide uncertain and invalid data if not considered in POE studies. The applied POE (referring its validity to data gathering from real users of space) was an approach claiming to be an international tool for architecture evaluation free of cultural context might be used at. The test result indicates that previously mentioned social factors in Iran highly influence the findings and provide uncertain and invalid data if not considered in POE studies. The applied POE (referring its validity to data gathering from real users of space) was an approach claiming to be an international tool for architecture evaluation free of cultural context might be used at. The test result indicates that previously mentioned social factors in Iran highly influence the findings and provide uncertain and invalid data if not considered in POE studies.

Presently، energy suppliment is considered as a pivotal economic and political characteristic in government; so that، an increasing trend in energy price appears in countries namely Iran due to energy resources limitation and increasing costs in extraction and exploitation. Therefore، parallel to efforts made to tackle the energy upgrading costs and lackness، improving energy efficiency and conservation in buildings are considered as main solutions to address the problem. Addition to applying thermal insulation in buildings، it is extremely significant to emplement energy-efficient strategies and approaches to decrease energy transfer rate in construction sector. Undoubtedly، following approaches positively influence buildings energy balance over a year. Directly influenced by climatic condition، building elements specifically، roofs، play an important role in heat transfer rate in a structure There are thermal exchange between roof and ambient temperature including: 1) Heating ignorence 2) Heating absorption 3) and finally solar reflectance). Furthermore، roof coverings compose a large area of buildings envelope; accordingly، it has a major impact on energy consumption and thermal comfort even considering construction roofs area in urban scale. Regarding to previous research experiences، there is a large scope of data on buildings envelope details to level down energy consumption; however، less studies are devoted to building elements shape to formally analyze energy consuming. The following paper develops the studies on roofs shape thermal behavior based on building heating load; while it uses a computerized simulation methodology as an alternative to field-based research. The simulation weather date is based on Isfahan city، in Iran. Modeled and analysed four roof covering types (flat roof، domed roof، pitched roof (30°-60°)، pitched roof 45°)، the final result shows that however the flat shape roof appears in an appropriate thermal performance، (30°-60°) pitched covering (mostly faced to the south in terms of surface) is regarded as the most energy-effecient form in Isfahan hot and dry climate area while domed shape roof appears in mostly inefficient sample to apply as covering in the area owing to most surface area. Moreover، the graphs show that applying thermal insulation as a layer in different roof shapes، remarkably decreases heating load over a montly simulation.

Urban parks and green spaces as a part of the urban structure must be design according to the necessities of urban life and fulfillment of the citizens requirements. The citizens requirements include wide variety environmental، social، cultural، economical and physical aspects. All cities potential spaces and their natural values must be consider to sustainable fulfillment of the citizens requirements. One of the most important natural values in cities are rivers and their surrounded valley that always very interested for Authorities and urban planners to convert to urban green space.. Rehabilitate and planning of these rivers and rivers valleys is mainly done base on recreational development and sustainable development objectives. Therefore their suitable ecological conditionse is very important. Base on above consideration، the principle criteriaes for urban river valleys ecological evaluation base on sustainable landscape design، wereinvestigated. In this project، case research method by use of compound solution has been used. Results of this research reveals that landscape elements in Darabad river valley could be divided in four categories including 1-watery surfaces 2-topography 3-vegetation cover 4-artificial elements and the first priority in permanent ecological landscape restoring of this river valley is connected to preservation and restoring of the river and vegetation cover in the river floor and side gardens.

Usage of community architecture approach or different meaningful participation methods in architecture has been always a critical discussion among architects. There are many positive and negative points of this approach in architectural design especially after the World War II. Practical experience shows that the usage of participatory methods in housing design (cluster housing) is suitable to reach an environment according to human needs to improve sense of community and it emphasis on behavioral patterns of users. Assessing practical methods of participation in architecture shows a trend to use participation in housing design after 1960 (esp. Team X group). In the twentieth century the use of participatory methods that created responsible environmental for users can be recognized in three eras: 1. After world war II until civil rights movements of 1960 that some primary practice of participation can be seen. 2. 1970-1985: with theoretical discussion approach of architects and usage of theory in practice by some architects. 3. After 1985: definition of architect، user، client and other stakeholders in participatory design process and emphasis on behavioral patterns of user. Participatory approach in architecture of cluster housing has some benefits: • Development of architectural programming with community • Consider to concept of community in design process • A pattern language system to communicate with users • Architect is a facilitator not a target • Enhancing sense of community in user and architect • New tools and techniques of participation • User in all of design process So، participatory design process in cluster housing can effect on sense of belongings of neighbors and enhance sense of community of inhabitants.