مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 78، بهمن و اسفند 1393)

To prevent diabetes complications and improve the quality of life of these patients، adherence to self-care is essential. The purpose of present study was to examine self-care behaviors and related factors in women with type 2 diabetes. This descriptive analytic cross sectional study was performed on 140 female patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the diabetes clinic in Ahvaz between December-March 2014. Research data were collected through interviews using demographic and disease characteristics question­nnaires and the summary of diabetes self-care activities measure. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was assessed and approved. The range of self-care scale was 0-77. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics، Pearson''s correlation coefficients tests، t-test، one-way ANOVA، Kruskal-Wallis and multiple linear regression models. The mean score of self-care behaviors in patients was 11. 55±30. 93، indicating moderate self-care. The highest mean scores were those of diet، 16. 28±5. 38 and proper medication compliance 5. 74±2. 57، while blood sugar monitoring 1. 89±3. 38 and physical activity 2. 24±3. 09 showed the lowest scores. The score of self-care behaviors showed a statistically significant difference among levels of education، duration of disease، life network، level of fasting blood glucose and mode of physician referral (P<0. 05). These significant variables، except fasting blood glucose explained 23% of self-care variance. The findings of this study could be useful for designing and implementation of educational programs to promote self-care behaviors and more effective control of type 2 diabetes in women.

Diabetic patients play an important role in their treatment and reduction of symptoms, with self-care being the most important factor for controlling disease progression. Self-efficacy in promoting self-care behaviors in these patients is a major factor. The present study aims to determine the correlation between self-care and self-efficacy among patients with type 2 diabetes. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 95 patients, aged 30-65 years with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected through interviews using a three part questionnaire covering demographic data, self-efficacy and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes, and were analyzed using SPSS software version 20, and descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson correlation square, independent t-test, one way variance and multivariate regression model). Mean score of self-efficacy was 71.5±14.1 and for self-care the mean score was 53.6±11.7. In this study, Spearman correlation square showed a significant positive correlation between self-care and self-efficacy (P<0.001). Also, significant positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and all the aspects self-care. This study showed a significant positive correlation between self-care and self-efficacy, demonstrating that self-efficacy is a significant requisite for self-care behavior must be emphasized in diabetes-related educational programs. Diabetic patients play an important role in their treatment and reduction of symptoms, with self-care being the most important factor for controlling disease progression. Self-efficacy in promoting self-care behaviors in these patients is a major factor. The present study aims to determine the correlation between self-care and self-efficacy among patients with type 2 diabetes. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 95 patients, aged 30-65 years with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected through interviews using a three part questionnaire covering demographic data, self-efficacy and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes, and were analyzed using SPSS software version 20, and descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson correlation square, independent t-test, one way variance and multivariate regression model). Mean score of self-efficacy was 71.5±14.1 and for self-care the mean score was 53.6±11.7. In this study, Spearman correlation square showed a significant positive correlation between self-care and self-efficacy (P<0.001). Also, significant positive correlations were found between self-efficacy and all the aspects self-care. This study showed a significant positive correlation between self-care and self-efficacy, demonstrating that self-efficacy is a significant requisite for self-care behavior must be emphasized in diabetes-related educational programs.

Improvement of lipid abnormalities are important in the prevention of diabetes complications. The study aimed to determine the effect of nigella sativa oil extract oil on blood lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 43 men and women with type 2 diabetes who were randomized to the intervention (n=23) and placebo (n=20) groups were studied and compared. The intervention group received 2 capsules daily, (500 mg extract of Black Seed Oil) while the control group took 2 capsules (500 mg, placebo daily) for 8 weeks, respectively. Lipid profiles were measured at the beginning and end of the inte­rvention. Mean age and body mass index of participants was 53.7±6.0 y and 28.6±5.4 kg/m2, respectively. At the end of the eighth week, the concentrations of serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and LDL to HDL cholesterol of the intervention group were compared to the placebo group, and a significant reduction (P<0.05) was found. However concentrations of HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, at the of the end eighth week in the intervention group and the control group showed no significant difference. Black Seed Oil extract improves lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients.

Diabetes is a multi-factorial chronic disease that has no absolute cure and requires continuous self-care. Emotional disorders such as alexithymia have been considered as one of the major barriers to self-care behaviors in diabetes control. This study aimed to compare glycemic control indicators in patients with type II diabetes in two alexithymic and non-alexithymic groups. This was a cross-sectional study with a study sample of 80 (47 females and 33 males, aged 40 to 60 years) type 2 diabetic out-patients who referred to clinics of the Labbafinejad hospital in 2012. Data collected, using 3 questionnaires included information on demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics, a summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scales. Blood tests were performed to obtain HbA1c. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed alexithymia has a significant negative assoc­iation with self-care activities (-0.49) and a significant positive association with HbA1c levels (0.44). Results of t-test indicated that self-care activities in alexithymic group were significantly lesser than the non-alexithymic one and their glycated haemoglobin was higher than this group. Alexithymia in patients with type II diabetes limits their ability in their self-care activities, resulting in higher levels of glycated haemoglobin in these patients, compared to the non-alexithymic group, results which could initiate related research on potential emotional problems in patients with type 2 diabetes and enhance their diabetes control.

Regular physical activity can lead to metabolic changes in adipose and bone tissue. In this study we hence investigated the effects of interval and continuous aerobic exercise on resting levels of adiponectin, leptin, osteocalcin and Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) in obese and overweight females. From among ninety obese and overweight healthy female students, 22 volunteer were randomly selected and investigated. Exercise programs included treadmill, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks with interval exercise training, intensity 85-95% peak heart rate, for 33 minutes and continuous exercise training, intensity 50-70% peak heart rate, for 41 minutes. Data on blood samples using ELISA and anthropometrics and body composition were documented before and after 8 weeks. results indicated that interval training significantly increased adiponectin (P=0.027) and decreased osteocalcin (P=0.047). In continuous training fat percent significantly decreased (P=0.014). Comparing groups, no significant difference was observed between groups in other factors. High-intensity interval training without any significant reduction in weight lead to increase in adiponectin and decrease in osteocalcin indicating that this type of exercise is associated with an increase in bone formation due to interaction of adiponectin and osteocalcin.

Identifying different food patterns may play a role in reducing the incidence of hypertension. Since most studies in this field have been cross-sectional, studies demonstrating HTN incidence are very limited. Hence we conducted this longitudinal study to determine dietary patterns and their effects on the incidence of hypertension. Dietary patterns of 1787 subjects, aged 20-60 yrs, who participated in phase 3 of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) were determined using factor analysis and the association between dietary patterns and the incidence of hypertension in phase 4 of TLGS was assessed, using logistic regression. Mean age across quartiles of healthy and western dietary patterns differed significantly. Individuals with lowest adherence to healthy dietary pattern and highest adherence to western dietary pattern were younger than others. Participants in the highest quartile of the healthy dietary pattern were physically more active than those in the upper quartile of western dietary pattern, who had the lowest level of physical activity. The healthy dietary pattern was negatively associated with elevated systolic blood pressure in models 2 (adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking and BMI) and 3 (adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking and BMI and physical activity) (odds ratio: 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56-0.98) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56-0.97) respectively, P=0.03 for both). Results of this study showed that adherence to the healthy dietary pattern reduced the risk of incidence of hypertension by 26%.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in reproductive aged women. The association of early-life factors such as fetal adipose tissue and birth weight with adulthood outcomes like obesity, body fat mass (BFM) and body lean mass (BLM) is not clearly understood. We aimed to compare the association between birth weight and body composition in women with PCOS and normal controls. For this study we enrolled a total of 70 reproductive aged women with PCOS diagnosis, referring to the Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center and the same number of healthy women without polycystic ovaries by ultrasonography or hirsutism and/or anyovulatory other dysfunction were enrolled. Their birth weights were documented and their body composition was assessed, using standard measuring devices. Cases were younger than the controls (29.7±4.9 versus 30.8±5.9 years) and had the same BMI (24.6±2.4 versus 24.8±4.5 kg/m2). Our study demonstrated that BFM and BLM are increased in adult PCOS women born underweight, compared to their normal counterparts (16± 4.7 versus 12.2± 4.1, P= 0.06 and 46.4±5.8 versus 41.1±5.8, P=0.07). The impact of fetal adipose tissue and birth weight on the occurrence adulthood obesity, BFM and BLM vary between women with and without PCOS.

Ethical issues are common to all sciences, and biological and medical sciences are no exception. Since these sciences deal directly with the physical and mental health of humans, they are exposed to thorough assessment to maintain the individuals, prestige and dignity. Development and application of cellular and molecular biology in medical sciences cause challenges and responsibilities in ethics, not easily predictable. This is because of three general properties of genetic information: 1) It has private and familial concepts; 2) It often is related to the disease in the feature, hence it has predictive properties that can provide information about the next generation, and can also provide data on previous generations and 3) Genetic tests often diagnose some diseases, for which there is no efficient treatment or prevention. Hence the predictive and risk-assessing nature of genetic information has made human genetic material invaluable to different organizations and unfortunately open to misuse by health care planners, insurers and employers. Furthermore social discrimination and psychological injuries also threaten individuals undergoing genetics testing. This review article discusses the ethical issues raised in the area of ​​genetic research, such as informed consent, confidentiality, assessment of damage and utility, ownership of genetic findings and recall of family members.