نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 106، بهار 1394)

Immunogen is a commercial prebiotic. It is a natural compound such as beta golcan and mannan oligosaccharide that use as a feed complement. Usage of prebiotic as indigestible nutrient in digestion system that potentially affect health condition of host is a new idea for improving production in aquaculture. The aim of this study is survey bacteria flora and body composition of Barbus grypus in 360 pcs fingerling with 35±2 gr weight in 4 treatment group randomly. (3 replicates) treatments were feed by Immunogen with zero، 0/5، 1 and 1/5% respectively in 90 days. Result shows that Immunogen has positive effect on bacterial flora in fingerling. Lactobacillus population in intestine of treatment groups in contrast with control group (p<0/05). Results showed that the amount of carcass protein in 1. 5% treated Immunogen was significantly higher than control (p <0/05) where as lipid content، ash and moisture showed no significant differences between treatments (p> 0/05)، although this factor was slightly higher in group fed with 1. 5% Immunogen. Therefore it can be concluded that oral administration of prebiotic Immunogen can induces positive effects on microflore of gut and Lactobacillus population plus carcass protein level.

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals with the characteristic of accumulation and bio-magnification in food chains. Isfahan is an important industrial province in Iran with various sources of mercury contamination. However، biological monitoring of mercury in the environment has yet to be conducted. Birds، which are exposed to mercury by different ways، including direct contact with contaminated water and food، are good biological indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate mercury contamination in some of the wild birds in Isfahan city and Zayandehroud River. The effect of trophic levels on the bioaccumulation of mercury in the body of these birds was explored. 40 samples of birds were collected in different areas and the amount of mercury was measured in kidney، liver and hyperpnea، using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Amongst the three organs، hyperpnea showed the highest amount of mercury with the average amount of 2002. 3 ppb and kidney showed the lowest with the average of 1284 ppb. Animal consuming birds accumulated more mercury in their tissues and vegetarians showed the lowest value. The results indicated the presence of mercury in Isfahan environment، therefore، it is necessary to monitor and manage heavy metals in the environment including Zayandehroud River.

Control and eradication of the brucellosis is loosed on vaccination of susceptible animals by Rev 1 vaccine. Production of this Vaccine is done by brucella agar culture media that is imported. Recently، the price of the medium has increased because of economic sanctions. Therefore، regarding the production of glycerol dextrose agar in Iran and its record in international sources، this study was done for possible replacement with this medium. So، 10 batches of vaccine were produced using this medium and they were compared with the vaccines produced by brucella agar with the same master seed. The number of live bacteria in 1 ml of bulk product was counted by counting the number of colony forming unit (CFU). In addition، other quality tests like morphology of colony or determination of the percentage of rough organisms، safety and efficacy test were done on each batch. The results indicated the mean numbers of live bacteria in 1 ml of bulk products was134. 37×109 and 118. 55×109 (CFU) and the percentage of rough colonies was %0. 75 and %1/281 for Vaccines produced by brucella agar and glycerol dextrose agar respectively. There was not any difference in other quality tests includes safety and efficacy and all quality parameters remained within the standard ranges. Thus regarding the suitable results، this new culture medium can be used for Rev1 vaccine production.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst and differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm، endoderm، and mesoderm. There is less information available about the factors that are affecting buffalo ES cells in culture. In this study، expression profiles of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF-2) signaling pathways were investigated to better understand the relationships of the signaling pathways for self-renewal in buffalo ES cells. Buffalo ES cells were derived from in vitro fertilized (iESC)، parthenogenetic (pESC) and handmade cloned (cESC) embryos. Alkaline phosphatase and immune-fluorescence staining were used to characterize buffalo ES cells. Feeder layer was used for ESCs culture، and culture medium consisting of Knockout- Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Ko-DMEM) supplemented with Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR)، leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)، basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)، L-glutamine، nonessential amino acids and gentamicin. Gene expression was analysed by RT-PCR for signaling pathways. Results showed that، the expression of FGF-2 was higher than LIF in buffalo ESCs. LIF، FGF، their receptors and intermediate signaling pathways was expressed at almost same level in three sources of buffalo ESCs.

Genus Clostridium، gram positive spore forming anaerobes are very important bacteria for human and animals pathogenesis. Clostridial diseases frequently occurs in Iranian farms and different Clostridium species are responsible for high mortality in domestic animals like as sheep and goats. In the present study، three groups of experimental vaccines were produced and compared to each others. The 1st group as bacterin pentavalent vaccine was produced in 20 liters glass vessels and adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. The 2nd group as bacterin pentavalent vaccine has been produced within in 12 liters fermenter and adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Finally، the 3rd group as bacterin-toxoid pentavalent vaccine was produced in 12 liters fermenter and adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide adjuvant. Analysis for freedom from abnormal toxicity، safety and potency tests were performed for all produced vaccine groups. The results showed that the 3rd group of produced vaccine by fermenter and purified by ultrafiltration system is the best choice for scaling up.

Aquaculture of the carps is important economically and common carps play an important role in this field. Since no thorough studies have been undertaken regarding the digestive tract and accessory glands of common carps، studying the morphologic and morphometric aspects of these structures is of great value. For this purpose، 30 female common carps with the average weight of 3. 5 kilograms were bought from a private fish culture center and after the topographic study of the digestive tract، liver، pancreas and morphometric study of the digestive tract، the needed samples were taken and put in 10% formalin solution. The next step was precise macroscopic evaluation of the digestive tract with loop. For the purpose of measuring the diameters of lumens and thickness of digestive tract’s wall، a digital caliper was used. The results were analyzed with SPSS 16 software using Pair sample T. The topographic studies showed significant differences between carps and other species. A sphincter like narrowing between the esophagus and the intestine was observed. The inner surface of the intestine was network like which was irregular in cloaca. The results showed that the diameter of the digestive tract changes significantly from the esophagus to the end (p<0. 05). As in other species of carps، the intestines can be generally divided into two parts. The study also indicated that the liver consists of two main lobes of right and left that are associated with pancreas. Change in the diet can lead to structural change or sometimes length change in the fish digestive tract. The results of this study therefore، can be used as the basic anatomical knowledge in this species.

In this paper، the concentrations of mercury in the khramulia (Capoeta capoeta) from three stations of the Zarrin Gol River of the province of Golestan are presented. The average of mercury levels in muscle tissue from the stations of 1، 2 and 3 were 173. 79 ± 19. 32، 153. 11± 7. 61 and 172. 25± 12. 69 ng/g dry weight، respectively. No Significant difference was observed in the mean concentrations of Hg among the stations and also no correlations among body weight total length and standard length and Hg were detected in this study (p > 0. 05). All samples had mean mercury concentration less than recommended maximum Hg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization (WHO)، Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)، Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)، Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Standardization Administration of China (SAC). It seems this is first study on Capoeta capoeta species with this point of view.

The purpose of this study is evaluating the species diversity and abundance of hard ticks in cattle and sheep in Mazandaran province. For this purpose، four zones (cities) (Noor، Amol، Babol and Sari) were selected in the province and samplings were carried out monthly for a period of one year. Overall 2712 pieces of hard ticks have been collected from animal body surface، which includes 13 species. These species and abundance of each include: Rhipicephalus annulatus (35. 77%)، Rhipicephalus bursa (27. 58%)، Rhipicephalus turanicus (4. 94 %)، Rhipicephalus sanguinus (0. 55%)، Ixodes ricinus (18. 95%)، Haemaphysalis punctata (6. 27%)، Haemaphysalis sulcata (1. 47%)، Haemaphysalis inermis (1%)، Haemaphysalis concinna (0. 55%)، Hyalomma marginatum (0. 37%)، Hyalomma deteritum (1. 99%)، Hyalomma anatolicum (0. 26%) and Dermacentor marginatum with (0. 3%). The results show that hard tick species diversity is high in Mazandaran province.

There are many guidelines for hemolysin production، but for production with higher titers، standardization of procedures is essential. In this study، for the first time in the country، the hemolysin was produced by whole sheep blood intradermal injection to laboratory rabbits and was compared with the intravenous injection of 2% washed sheep red blood cells routine method. The produced hemolysins were titerd by kolmer method. In whole blood intradermal injection method، the rabbit anti-sheep hemolysin titer was at least 1:9600 whereas in 2% washed cells intravenous injection method، obtained 1:1200. The obtained results of the three replicates were taken on two methods listed were exactly the same as before. In order to increasing the products stability، they was lyophilized and were kept in -20oC. For survey in maintained products stability time، once every six months for 2 years، both the products، were tittered. To evaluate the in vitro activity، they were used in serological tests. In this survey، the hemolysin produced by whole sheep blood intradermal injection، in all cases، and even after 2 years of production، there is no reduction in titer and it was very favorable in serologic tests، but the product was prepared by intravenous injection، showed sharp decline in titer and it was not an acceptable result in serologic tests. According to the results، the whole blood intradermal method occording to this protocol can be replaced to routingly 2% washed cells intravenous injection for production of anti-sheep hemolysin with high titer، stability and effect.

Estrous synchronization is a valuable management tool that has been employed successfully in enhancing reproductive efficiency، particularly in cows، ewes and does (Kusina et al.، 2000). Oestrous synchronization in small ruminants is achieved either by reducing the length of the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle with prostaglandin F2α or by artificially extending it with exogenous progesterone or potent progestagens A completely randomized design experiment was carried out using eighty Zel ewes during out of season breeding to compare different dosage of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) dispensers to synchronize estrous. Intravaginal progestagen was administered for a 13-day period. Upon progestagen withdrawal، doses received 350، 400، 450 and 500 IU (eCG) intramuscularly. Teaser rams (1/8 ewes) were introduced 1 d after treatment removal to detect estrus. Ewes were subjected to fertile rams 40 h after CIDR removal. The results of this experiment showed that eCG was effective when used with CIDR. Different dosage of eCG treatments had not significant effect on estrus response (100% in all groups). Enhancing the level of eCG administration led to a increase in fecundity rate and lambing rate in this study. In conclusion the CIDR device with 450 and 500 IU can improve reproductive performance in Zel ewes comparable to 350 and 400 IU eCG.

Guinea fowls belong to the pheasant’s category. Liver is the largest gland in the body، pancreas for digestive secretions and also spleen is of a importance as it is the largest lymphatic gland in adult mammals and poultry. As there are some differences in species and the two sex in these organs، and also there are not any research done on pheasant’s category like guinea fowl، these organs were studied morphologically and histologically. For this study 20 adult male and female guinea fowl were selected and their liver، gall bladder، pancreas، spleen were morphologically studied، then tissue samples were taken. Samples were obtained، using Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit. Morphological and Histological results were basically the same as other poultry with this difference that in pancreas ventral lobe is longer and thinner that the dorsal lobe. In histologic study kupffer cells are rarely exist in hepatic sinusoid’s wall، also in the gall bladder’s wall in addition to the simple columnar epithelium، pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium was seen. T student result in liver، spleen and pancreas suggest that there is no significance difference in the size of males and females in this organs.