مجله دانشکده علوم پزشکی نیشابور
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1393)

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, that is increasing in incidence and mortality. Considering the epidemiologic trend of prostate cancer, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of prostate cancer in the years 2005-2010 in Markazi Province. In this analytical study, which data was derived from the Cancer Registry of Markazi Province, crude incidence per 100 thousand persons and age-standardized incidence in the method of direct standardization using the world standard population were calculated. Data Analysis was conducted using the Cochran-Armitage and winpepi software version 2.1. In this study among 182 patients with prostate cancer in 2005–2010, 144 patients (%79) inhabited in city and others in rural. Regarding age, 16 persons (%8.8) were between 50-60 and majority 84(%46) were 70-80 years old. In the 6- year study, 182 cases of prostate cancer were recorded. Age-standardized incidence rate during the years 2005 to 2010 was respectively: 3.24, 3,3.44,5.05,5.75, 5.61 cases per hundred thousand people which shows an increase in the disease. The highest observed incidence in the age group was above 70. The standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer in Markazi province in comparison with the world, particularly developed countries, is much less that can be due to lack of screening programs or the incomplete records.

Nowadays, solid waste management is one of the major concerns among the human societies. The aim of this study was to assess the viewpoint of people in different professions about waste management in developing educational methods. This is an analytical study that was carried out on 275 workers and 667 staff in offices of Arak city in 2012. Data was collected by questionnaire including knowledge, attitude, practice and appropriate source of education for waste management. Finally, data was analyzed by statistical chi-square and T- test. The mean of awareness among workers and offices was 4.5± 2.1 and 6.7± 1.9 respectively with a significant difference (p=0.041). Moreover the mean in attitude was 18± 5.6 and 26.12± 7.1 respectively that was with a significant difference (p=0.025). There was a significant relationship between level of awareness, job and level of education (p<0.05). 39% of workers had said that television and radio were the most influential sources in educating waste management. According to the low awareness of different professions and considerable waste volume, fundamental and technical modifications in waste managements are necessary.

Effective communication between the nurse and the patient is one of the important factors in providing high quality nursing cares. Therefore, identifying barriers to effective communication is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the Barriers to effective nurse- patient communication from perspective of nurses employed in educational hospitals of Ilam. This Descriptive and analytical study was conducted during the summer of 2012 in Ilam city. 80 nurses in three educational hospitals affiliated with the Ilam Medical University were selected by random sampling method. Data were collected using a 30-item questionnaire. Reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (r=0 93). In order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical software version 16, T-test and ANOVA were used. The results of this study showed that in this study %43.8 of the participants were female. Regarding individual and social factors, job specifications, clinical situation of patients, and environmental factors; irritability of nurses, nurse's physical and mental fatigue, and presence of a family care provider and lack of in-service training in communication skills were important barriers to the communication respectively. Effective communication is an important factor in obtaining positive results from treatment, reducing stress and increasing patient's satisfaction of medical care. Since the communication is an inevitable aspect of nursing cares, to enhance the nurse-patient communication it is necessary to obstacles mentioned above be resolved by managers.

Introduction and One of the themes of community health assessment is the mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mental health and related factors on freshmen of Zabol University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive-analytical study, 335 freshmen of Zabol University with different academic disciplines and levels of study participated. Data was collected from personal data questionnaire and student mental health Goldberg's General 28-question. SPSS16 statistical software was used for data analysis and frequency distributions, and methods of descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-test and ANOVA were used. %95 of the results were reported. Mental Health Status Questionnaire scores of males and females, were respectively, 14.68 ± 10.59 and 21.08 ± 14.23 in which there was a statistically significant correlation (P>0.05). %26.56 of students scored above the cut-off score in mental health. Results showed that, between the public health and demographic variables (marital status, quota and residence) there is no significant correlation (P> 0.05) and the variable of gender was the only significant factor (P = 0.0001). Results showed statistically significant association between the public health and Field of Study (P =0.0001) and Degree (p=0.009). Considering the high prevalence of mental disorders in students entering the university, it is essential to have mental health promotion plans.Specifically, life skills education in schools is needed to enhance their skills, abilities and mental capacity not mere knowledge.

This study aimed to determine the attitudes of Ayatollah RouhaniBabol hospital nurses towards the use of clinical information system on efficiency and quality of nursing services. After the literature review, a primary model including five variables influencing system acceptance were proposed. A questionnaire including 26 questions based on the variables was developed, the validity and reliability of which were tested and confirmed by an expert panel and through Cronbach Alpha. Questionnaires were distributed among 350 nurses in Babol Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in 1392 that were selected using random sampling method. To confirm the model and determine the relationship between variables, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used by applying LISREL software. Nurses’ attitude scores obtained in four dimensions: time, information exchange, the role of nurses and quality of service. t-test results - two-sample and ANOVA showed that in different levels of demographic variables, including gender, marital status education, and work experience sections, there was no significant difference (P>0/05). The result of t-test - single sample showed that the average of the scores due to four dimensions is more than 3 (P<0/05) and thus nurses’ attitude towards the dimensions was acceptable. This study showed that most nurses in this center believe that the use of clinical information system in hospitals, in addition to enhancing the quality of nursing services, reduces the hospital costs.

Noise is the third most dangerous pollutant in Metropolises and is one of the most important risk factors in the transportation industry. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating truck drivers hearing loss and its effective factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 in Kerman City on 150 professional truck drivers who had a dossier at the center of screening occupational diseases, and were chosen by stratified random sampling. Information was collected by a checklist including age, marital status, military services status, smoking status and audiometry done in the current year and were analyzed by using SPSS 18 using correlation, ANOVA, Paired t-test, McNemar's test and Adjusted Linear Regression. The mean age of participants was 43.0±10.56 and in all frequencies a significant difference was found between the hearing threshold of drivers with different work experiences, and hearing loss increased with increase in work experience. Hearing loss increased significantly in all frequencies with age increase as well. Hearing loss in frequencies more than 2000 H was significantly more in the left ear than the right. Although age increase is an important factor in hearing loss, but alone, it does not justify the asymmetric hearing loss at the quantities measured in the drivers in this study. It appears that driving due to constant exposure to noise can lead to hearing loss in drivers.

Dyes are one of the important toxic compounds in the industrial wastewater. Therefore, dyes must be removed using an effective method before being discharged into the environment. Absorption is one of the effective processes in purifying highly colored wastewater. In this study, the potential absorption of reactive red 198 by canola was investigated. Present study is an experimental survey that was performed in a batch system. The effects of influential variables such as contact time, pH of solution, initial dye concentration, were investigated in absorbent. The experiments were repeated in triplicate then isotherms and absorption reaction velocity of different models were analyzed by comparing the coefficient of determination. For measuring RR198 Spectrophotometer at wavelength of 518 nm was used. The maximum capacity for absorption of the dye at the highest concentration was found to be 34.35 mg/min. The dye removal efficiency percentage decreased from %99 to %54 when the concentration of RR198 was increased from 10 mg/L to 500 mg/L. The results showed that Maximum removal was at 10 mg/L, absorbent dose of 8 g/L and contact time of 75 minutes. The Langmuir equation and pseudo- second order model showed the best fit for the experimental data. The result of present work indicated that the Canola residuals can be used as a suitable, low-cost and efficient absorbent to remove the dyes.

Breastfeeding is the ideal food for infants during infancy. Maximize the benefits is exclusively breastfeeding. According to the downward of exclusive breastfeeding in our countries, the implementation of successful strategies in this field, has the particular importance. This study was conducted with aimed to determine the relationship between prenatal attachment and exclusive breastfeeding in primigravida women. This was a descriptive-correlational study which was conducted on 100 primigravida women at based on multi-stage sampling. Data were collected by infant feeding daily record form, maternal-fetal attachment and demographic, pregnancy, Edinburg depression, childbirth and postpartum questionnaires. Primgravida women with gestational age 35-41 weeks, completed the Cranly attachment questionnaire and infant feeding daily record form during 8 weeks provided them after childbirth. At this time after completing postpartum and Edinburg depression questionnaires, infant feeding daily record forms have been collected and data were analyzed. This study showed that there is a direct and significant statistical relationship between maternal-fetal attachment and duration of exclusive breast feeding during 4 and 8 weeks after childbirth. Prenatal attachment is an important factor affecting the exclusive breast feeding and exclusive breastfeeding should be considered in the mother's mental health programs and training courses.