نشریه زراعت دیم ایران
سال سوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

To evaluate land suitability of Aq-Qalla region for rainfed chickpea cropping، Boolean logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods were used in geographic information system (GIS). To achieve this، firstly، climatic and agronomical requirements of chickpea،were identified according to scientific resources. Then، thematic requirement maps were provided. The studied environmental-components were average، minimum and maximum temperatures، precipitation، slope percent، elevation، organic matter، pH، EC، K، P، Ca and soil texture. Then، each layer is classified into suitable (score = 1) and non-suitable (score = 0) based on Boolean logic. Also، they were classified into 4 suitability classes (high suitable، suitable، less suitable and non-suitable) based on weighted overlay. The digital environmental layers overlaid in ArcGIS media for each method، separately. The results of Boolean logic method showed that about 17730 hectares (16%) of Aq-qall agricultural lands were suitable for rainfed chickpea. Moreover، average، minimum and maximum temperatures، precipitation and slope percent parameters were suitable for chickpea production in the studied areas. The limiting factors for chickpea production were high soil K، P، Ca concentrations، salinity and low organic matter. Results of weighted overlay by AHP indicated that 27. 5% and 13. 9% of Aq-Qalla areas were highly suitable and suitable for chickpea production، respectively; but 16. 8% of lands had at least one limiting factor، and therefore were not suitable for chickpea cultivation.

There is limited knowledge about physiological and biochemical functions of bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes in response to drought stress. To study differences of drought-sensitive bread and durum wheat genotypes to drought stress، this study was conducted under two different irrigation regimes (well-watered and water-stressed treatments) under glasshouse conditions. The experiment was conducted in completely randomised design (CRD) with 4 replications. The drought stress adversely affected both bread and durum wheat genotypes; however، reduction of biomass، root length، net CO2 fixation، respiration، leaf and root osmotic potential، water use efficiency was more sever in bread wheat genotype than durum wheat. On the other hand، in response to drought، durum wheat genotype showed higher accumulation of protein and proline in root and leaf than bread wheat genotype. It can be concluded that bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes differed in their response to drought، and durum genotype had better function to alleviate adverse effects of drought stress. This suggests that durum cultivation may improve the productivity under dryland conditions.

In order to study the effects of manganese sulfate in increasing seed yield of four safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius) under rainfed conditions، this experiment carried out in Maragheh agricultural research station. The experiment was arranged with four Mn fertilizer levels (0،10،20،30 kg ha-1) as soil application together with two foliar spray levels (1% and 2%) of 1. 5 kg ha-1 manganese sulphate with four Safflower genotypes (V1=19829 V2=333،،V3=335 and V4= Sina)، as factorial based on RCBD design with four replications. At maturity، plots were harvested and biomass and grain yield were measured. The results of combined (two-year) analysis showed that manganese application increased 100 kg ha-1 grain yield and 500 kg ha-1 biomass. It can be concluded that manganese sulfate fertilizer application (at a rate of 10 kg ha-1 in the soil) or foliar spray (1. 5 kg ha-1) would increased crop yield in safflower under rainfed condition.

Understanding of wheat root system is important in dryland conditions. Root development، important factor in wheat production under water limiting conditions، can be affected by environmental factors especially nitrogen fertilizer. A field experiment was carried out to study the nitrogen rates and application times on root morphology of three rainfed wheat genotypes، using a split-splitplot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) during 2010-2011. Treatments were two nitrogen application times (all in fall، and two-third in fall + one-third in spring) assigned in main plot; four nitrogen rates (0، 30، 60 and 90 kg/ha) assigned in sub-plots; and three wheat genotypes (Azar2، Cereal-3 and Cereal-4) assigned in sub-subplots. Root samples were collected at stem elongation stage (GS22) to study root characteristics. The results showed that nitrogen applications resulted in significantly increasing plant height، crown root number، shoot fresh weight، root fresh weight، root dry weight، above-ground plant biomass، total root volume، ratio of root volume per soil volume compared with control (no nitrogen). The increasing trends in all parameters were found linearly upward to the last level of nitrogen treatment used. Nitrogen application in fall significantly increased crown root length (P<0. 05) by 11 percent compared to split application. Also، nitrogen fall application significantly affected crown root and coleoptile lengths of genotypes. Cereal-4 genotype had better root morphological characteristics compared to other two genotypes. Nitrogen fertilization could affect rainfed wheat root characteristics in order to produce desirable traits. In general، it was concluded that fall application of 60 kg N/ha could increase rainfed wheat grain yield due to improvement of root systems.

In order to study of effects of integrated biological and chemical fertilizers on fertilizer use efficiency، grain yield and related traits to grain growth of barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.)، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences، University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2012. Treatments were time of nitrogen application in three levels including (T1=1/3 at planting، 1/3 stem elongation and 1/3 before ear emergence)، (T2=1/4 at planting، 1/2 stem elongation and tillering، 1/4 before ear emergence)، (T3=1/2 at planting، 1/4 at tillering، 1/4 stem elongation، 1/4 ear emergence) and seed inoculation with biofertilizer in five levels (without inoculation as control، seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5، Azospirillim lipoferum strain OF، Psedomunas putida strains 41 and 4. (Rate and effective grain filling period، yield and yield components were significantly affected by time of nitrogen application and seed inoculation with bio fertilizer. Means comparison showed that maximum of grain weight (0. 0587 g)، rate (0. 0018 g/day) and effective grain filling period (32. 63 day)، yield and yield components were obtained in nitrogen application as T2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter. It seems that in order to improve yield، fertilizer use efficiency، rate and effective grain filling period، t can be suggested that be applied seed inoculation with Azotobacter×nitrogen application as T2.

Due to extent of zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils of Iran and its deficiency in human diet، this study investigated the effect of Zn sulfate foliar applications (non-foliar application، 0. 5 g/l at stem elongation stage، 0. 5 g/l at stem elongation and grain filling stages، 0. 5 g/l at stem elongation and 2 g/l at grain filling stages) on yield and its components (farm sector) and influence of grain Zn contents (low (199 ng Zn grain-1)، medium (381 ng Zn grain-1) and high (595 ng Zn grain-1)) on germination and seedling growth parameters of bread wheat (cv. Kohdasht) during 2013-2014 in Maragheh University. The field results showed that Zn foliar application at stem elongation and grain filling stages increased the number of grains per spike، number of fertile spikelet per spike and spike weight of the control (no foliar application). Also، Zn sulfate foliar application in all phonological stages increased the biological yield and economic yield in the control treatment (no foliar application). But، Zn application had no significant effect on harvest index in any growth stages. The results showed that medium (381 ng Zn grain-1) and high (595 ng Zn grain-1) grain Zn content significantly increased plumule، radicle and seedling fresh matter weight and also plumule، radicle and seedling dry matter of the low (199 ng Zn grain-1) grain Zn content. But between low، medium and high grain Zn contents، in terms of plumule length and radicle length were no significant differences، whereas the grain Zn content increased seedling length. High grain Zn content caused significant increase in germination rate، emergence time and seedling vigor indices. But grain Zn content had no effect on germination percentage. Results showed that application of the Zn Sulfate increased grain yield and Zn content of the grain. Therefore، it seems that spraying Zn would improve the quantity and quality of the wheat yield in soils with Zn deficiency. Furthermore، agronomic bio­­fortification could be applied as a short time strategy to decrease nutritional problems due to Zn deficiency and also to improve food security indices. Assessment of germination indices also revealed that incensement of Zn concentration in grain would improve germination indices and seedling vigor.