نشریه جستارهای تاریخی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

This study aims to discuss the social and cultural demands of women such as education، public hygiene، girls’ satisfactionon the occasion of marriage، the conditions of official engagement، and relinquishing women managerial affairs to themselves، fromthe time of Constitutional Revolution to Reza Shah Reign. The main sources of this study are women periodicals published during these periodsas they reflect women viewpoints in relation to the public culture. The findings of the study indicate that contrary to common beliefs، Iranian women، even after the 1921 Persian coupd''etatand Reza Shah Reign، made attempts forrequesting their demands in light of re-interpreting customs and rituals،as had been taken for granted by the public،and improving the publicmannerswithwomen. They particularly attempted for re-forming the violent manners which violated the women rights. Thus، the reformist women did notattempt for propagatingwhat were contradictory with the dominant cultural normsand religious civil laws. The hypothesis of this study is that civil rights concerning women especially the laws of marriage، divorce، inheritance، and property were originally religious laws which duringthe second period of Reza Shah Reignwere assembled and legitimized.

Seyyed Mohammad BagherShafti was one of clergymen of the thirteenth century، contemporary with FathAli Shah and Mohammad Shah Qajar. He succeeded in establishing an illegitimate religious government in Isfahan for a short period of time. He had comeinto possession of a vast fortune through his seizure of religious revenues; which made the central government concerned. The pretext he resorted to for this political action—following the path of his tutor،VahidBehbahani—was his belief in theory of jurists’ public vicegerency of Imam Zaman (AS) during the occult period. Based on this theory، during the occult period، the jurists are vicegerents of Imam Zaman، and are entitled to enforce certain jurisdictional laws. The theory of public vicegerency of Imam Zaman (AS) has gone through changes since the fifth century and evolved in the Qajar era. The present study، through adopting descriptive-analytic method، reveals how the intervention of Shafti in governmental affairs was based on the theory of public vicegerency of Imam Zaman (AS). However، he differed from other jurists، trained by VahidBehbahani، in his perception of legitimacy of the regime. In fact، other Shia jurists of that time did not attempt for establishing government and considered the Qajar government as legitimate.

There have been doubts aboutinclinationsof Arsacids towards Iranian culture and traditions. Some researchers، in their recent studies، have shown evidence against this idea. In addition to ancient cultural and artistic links of Patria Province with Iranian traditions and culture، the manifestations of cultural، political and social traditions of Iranian in the long era of Arsacidsareconvincing evidence against the above-mentioned approach. In this study، we attempted to portray major continuous relations of Iranian old traditions from periods of ancient Iranian history to Arsacids era. Moreover، we attempt to answerweather or not ancient Iranian traditions in this period were dynamic and flourishing? Based on the findings of the present research، no significant interruption and disconnection in Iranian traditions in the Arsacids era could be found. Also، at this period of time، the cultural، political، and social structure of the Iranian society showed special loyalty to ancient Iranian traditions. However، some of these traditions passed through Arsacid Iran to Sasanids era. Therefore، it is perhaps more logical to avoid putting extra emphasis on cultural detachment in Arsacids era، and it is better to speak of one historical and cultural progression and continuation.

Criticism is an assessed aspect and the main essence of historical knowledge whosemeticulousenactment guarantees the renovation of the past، based on valid narrations. In fact، benefiting from advantages of history،as an epistemological resource، dependson trustworthiness of the data and the credibility of the incidents. The historian، for assessing the credibility of historical evidence and proof، needs somecriticizing instruments to provide him/herwith true and direct criteriaofrecognition and exploration. Considering the importance of the issue of historical criticism، the present article aims at introducing a number of efficient criticizing instruments in this field، and assessing their capabilitiesin reading texts and investigatingtheirdegree of authenticity and validity. This study indicates thebeyond-disciplinary nature of historical criticism and the important role it plays in interdisciplinary interactions in history. In this paper، examples of scientific achievements like chemistry، geology (in issueslike age assessment، historiography of historicalmaterials)، Hadith (rules and laws related to preferences، adjustments and so on)، Logic (principles related to error assessment and the issue of sophistries) have been selected as they have applications in historical criticism so that the explanation of the discussed issues would be accomplished convincingly.

The rise of the Buyid dynasty in Iran''s political arenahad long-lasting influences on the political and intellectual developments of the Islamic world. The Buyids faced numerous threats for stabilizing their authority during the Abbasid Caliphate and the Al-Ziarat. One of the Buyids’ strategies for confronting these threats was forming alliances with regional powerful clans. Brydyans were one of the most powerful Iranian and Shiite families that ruled over Ahwaz، Basra، and Wasit. They were also seeking allies to consolidate their influence. So they allied with the Buyids against Abbasid Caliphate. Upon this allegiance، the Buyids obtained sufficient information about Baghdad. So they became a serious competitor of the Abbasid Caliphate. The decline of the Brydyan prepared the ground for the Buyids to strengthen their military capabilities and to move towards Baghdad. In light of such experiences، they could conquer Baghdad، on the one hand، and continue their dominance، on the other hand.

One of the influential religious groups in national contests was the Center for Islamic Truth Dissemination in Mashhad in 1323، which had been founded byMuhammad TaqiShariati. With the advent of Oil Nationalization Movement، the activities of this center went beyond cultural activities and included political ones. On the eve of the seventeenth parliamentary election، Shariati became the most prominent figure within the communities of Islamic associations that had made coalition under the title of Islamic Coalition Party. The members of the Center tried their best for him to be selected. Within the disagreement caused between Ayatollah Kashani and Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh in Oil Nationalization Movement، the Center، despite its Islamic views and its former support of Ayatollah Kashani، continued supporting Mossadegh up to the end، as it saw his ideas more aligned with its programs. The Center turned into a base for proponents of Mossadegh until it was closed for the first time after the Iranian coup d''état on Mordad 28 till summer 1336. The present study، as well as investigating the causes of Oil Nationalization Movement، studies the status and the degree of influence of the Center for Islamic Truths Dissemination، and explores the factors which resulted in actions like formation of Islamic Coalition Party and the political activities of the Center in the fights، up to the end of Mossadegh government and National Movement period.