فصلنامه طب توانبخشی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1394)

Clinical observations and previous studies have shown an inverse relationship between refractive error and anterior chamber depth. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between the amount of myopia with anterior chamber parameters such as volume, angle, depth and the difference in these parameters between genders.

In this descriptive-analytic study, 83 refractive surgery candidates (-0.5 to -9) aged between 20-40who have undergone Oculyzer photography were investigated. Statistical analysis of data extracted from patient's files performed using spss18 and relation between variables were assessed by Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. T-test for comparison of variables or the nonparametric equivalent (Mann-Whitney) was used.

In this group there was no statisticaly significant correlation between anterior chamber volume(P=0.611, r =0.057), angle(P= 0.780, r=- 0.031), depth(P= 0.944, r=0.008) and refractive error. In comparison between genders, correlation between anterior chamber volume and depth mean differences was statistically significant (P<0.0005) but there was no statistical significant correlation between anterior chamber angle mean differences(P= 0.064)

This study shows that in myopic patients aged 20-40 years, there is no significant correlation between anterior chamber volume, angle, depth and amount of refractive error.

The process of hand writing need to coordinate a cognitive, perceptual and motor skills complexity. Given that occupational therapists in schools increasingly refers mental retardation children for hand writings problems and hand writing is an important activity of daily living for children. Thus in this study were considered that the effect of occupational therapy intervention on perceptual motor function and drawing skills of children with mental retardation.

Using non-probability simple for sampling method, based on example of monitoring and sample size, 10 children for treatment group and 10 children for control group were considered. The treatment group during 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes, occupational therapy intervention was trained. Both groups were trained by usual occupational therapy. After 10 weeks, all subjects were re-evaluated. Long-Form Bruininks - Oseretsky Test and Slowsen’s test used to assess perceptual motor function and drawing skills, respectively. Then the statistical analysis was performed on the data by use of SPSS software.

Analyze of variance univariate test show that the test scores Slowsen and coordination between the two groups was not significant(P ≥ 0/05), but the total test scores, gross motor and fine motor development Bruininks – Oseretsky Test sub test between the two groups was significant(P ≤ 0/05).

Results of present study show that occupational therapy intervention cause to improve perceptual motor function, but has not effect on drawing skills in mental retarded children.

Concerning the liability of Upper trapezius as a postural muscle to permanent stressesµtraumae and therefore its high susceptibility to form trigger points, a highly reliable measurement instrument is needed to make an accurate judgment about its function& its thickness. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of ultrasonographic measurement of upper trapezius thickness in women suffering from its latent trigger points. This methodological research was conducted by two examiners on 15 women with latent trigger points of upper trapezius. Four images of upper trapezius thickness via ultrasonography were taken on the same day with two hours interval by two examiners at separate times to assess the within- day reliability for each examiner and also the reliability between these two examiners using M-mode ultrasound images (7.5 MHz linear transducer). Muscle thickness change was measured in prone, at the end of expiration. Reliability was examined using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable difference(SDD). The results demonstrated that intra-rater within-day reliability was good both for the first examiner (ICC=0.95,SEM=0.49,SDD=1.38) and the second examiner (ICC=0.95,SEM=0.55,SDD=1.55) and inter-rater reliability was also good between examiners (ICC=O.87,SEM=0.89,SDD=2.47). This study demonstrates ultrasonography can be used reliably with low grades of SEM&SDD to measure upper trapezius thickness following the procedure described by this paper especially in interventional & follow-up studies.

Children’s participation in leisure and recreational activities is associated with their well-being. The purpose of this study was to translate Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) test into Farsi and to determine its validity and reliability. In this cross sectional study, A sample of 164 children with disability between 7-17 years old from special education school sampling were selected. Participants were evaluated with CAPE. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17. Item discriminate validity was shown by 85% scores for each of the questions in the subscale scores were significant and positive. Cronbach's coefficient α 0.86 and interclass correlation Coefficients were >0.75 was calculated for the overall scale. These score showed high validity and reliability of Farsi CAPE questionnaire. Physical disability can affect participation in everyday activities and socialization. Knowledge about participation of disability children can help to therapist for establish interventions that fit with children’s preference and can promote their health and participation. Farsi version of the children’s assessment of participation and enjoyment (CAPE) has acceptable validity and reliability rates. It is now useful enough to be used for clinical as well as research purposes.

Foot arch will always be known as absorbing the force from the ground to foot. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vertical ground reaction force subject with flat foot and a normal foot. Fifteen subjects were randomly selected from between children with flexible flat foot, and 15 subjects were randomly selected to the control group from the population with normal feet that were homogeneous with group flat foot of the height, age and weight. And KISTLER force plate were used to measure vertical ground reaction force component both groups at three times; weight transfer on heel, midstance and weight transfer on the toe, during the Stance phase. Data analysis using SPSS 21 software and was performed independent t-test (p< 0/05). There was a significant difference in the weight transfer on heel and midstance phase between flat foot and a normal foot. But no significant difference between the two groups at the weight transfer on the toe. The results of this study showed that in the subject flat foot at time, transfer of weight on the heel and transfer of weight on the toe, enters more ground reaction force then individuals normal foot. This could be a major factor for foot injuries in the subjects flat foot. According to research findings, shoes Makers can use the information obtained and measures the toes and shoe heel to include for subjects flat foot, able to absorb amount of the ground reaction force and this will prevent subjects from injury.

Emotional intelligence includes abilities such as maintaining motivation and perseverance in the face of adversity. More than 50 percent of success is dependent on emotional intelligence. Due to its importance in the academic success of our students, it became the influencing factors of emotional intelligence in undergraduate new entrants Rehabilitation martyr Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 2010-2011 years to review.

In this study, bar-on emotional Quotient and a demographic questionnaire were used. Sampling was available sample of bachelor of science newcomer students in rehabilitation faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2010-2011were selected as sample. For statistical analysis, t-test for quantitative variables (T-test) and Chi square test for qualitative variables and non-parametric methods were used to examine relationships between variables. And spss16 software was used for statistical analysis.

In this study, 99 students attended newcomer Rehabilitation In 1390-1389, 34 were male and 65 were female. Of the participants, 27 (27.3%) of their field of Occupational Therapy, 25 (25.3%) field of physical therapy, 22 patients (22.2%) Optometry degree and 25 (25.3%) were in the field audiology.

Emotional intelligence and gender (female), maternal education level and family income has a direct relationship.

In many fields of rehabilitation robotics, desired torque would be obtained by considering dynamics of the actuators. Also, dynamic model of many actuators is hard to approach and it has been neglected in many researches that cause the considerable disadvantages in general results.. The aim of this study is to optimize the performance of gait rehabilitation robot.

Kinematic data obtained from 10 patients, including joint angles, angular velocity and angular acceleration that eighty data recorded in a walk cycle and applied as inputs to the neural network. Then, performance of a NARMA-L2 controller for actuators of the biped walking robot is shown. It is noticeable that the controller is learned by LM algorithm and three evolutionary algorithms; PSO, GA and ICA. For controlling the robot walking, two kinds of dc motors are used. These actuators improve control of the biped robot by tracking the required torques for a human walk cycle as a reference model by neural network in two ways; offline and online.

In this research, gait recovery system is introduced that the dynamics of the actuators are considered. Finally, reducing dimensions of the neural network hardware and using the evolutionary algorithms, respectively, reduces costs and increases accuracy of the rehabilitation biped robot based on reducing the minimum mean square error of 20 times after learning of neural network.

This system would be effective in promoting gait recovery. Helping the recovery of patient using robotic system and muscle compensation was the predictive goals of manufacturing of the system. The simple structure of neural network, negligible tracking error and high speed system recognition are the factors that make it the best system recognition in this field.

Although it is obvious that physical fatigue leads to impaired balance in healthy athletes, it is still a question that how does functional fatigue can affect balance in athletes with ankle instability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of functional fatigue on dynamic and static balance index in athletes with ankle instability. Fifteen volleyball players with ankle instability participated voluntarily in this study (age,19.4 ± 1.9y; height, 1.825 ± 5.2m; weight, 67.7 ± 5.9kg; BMI, 20.3 ± 1.6kg/m2).In order to apply fatigue, functional fatigue protocol special for volleyball was used, and for quantity of balances the Biodex Balance System was applied. During the study, four times (two times without fatigue, and two times after fatigue) the balance test was performed by Balance system (single leg stability testing in difficult level of 4 for dynamic balance and in difficult level of 12 for static balance). For statistical analysis of data a significant level p ≤ 0.05 was used. Data analysis with paired t-test showed that after applying functional fatigue, dynamic (1.600 to 1.838) and static (1.238 to 1.462) balance index had significant increase. Decrease of dynamic balance, when applying fatigue can be due to a significant increase in anterior-posterior balance index (1.085 to 1.246); but in static conditions the decrease in balance can be due to a significant increase of both the anterior-posterior (0.869 to 1.046) and medial-lateral (0.800 to 0.900) balance index. Based on the research results, decrease of dynamic and static balance of players with ankle instability during fatigue may make them susceptible to ankle sprain injury.

In voice therapy, cognitive cueing approach elicits intended vocal behaviors by stimulating mental patterns and semantic imagery that is included in the tasks. In the current study, cognitive cues were used in order to change acoustic parameters of speech prosody in normal children. This clinical control trial study was done over 120 normal children (60 male, 60 female) ranging from 8 to 12 years old. The children read 6 sentences twice with keywords including respectively “aloud”; “slowly”; “push”; “up”; “happy”, and “sad” before and after cognitive cueing. Acoustic parameters of speech prosody including fundamental frequency, intensity, duration and their changes were analyzed by Praat software throughout reading tasks. Results showed that fundamental frequency mean in all keywords and sentences (except for the sentence included “push” keyword) have been significantly increased in all age and gender groups (p˂0.05). Also intensity mean increased significantly in the sentences included “aloud”; “push”; “up”, and “happy” keywords but decreased in the sentences included “slowly”, and “sad” keywords. The duration parameter changed significantly in all keywords and sentences (p˂0.05). Cognitive cues may be able to modify various aspects of speech prosody without imposing any external model in normal Persian children. Future studies can investigate the effect of cognitive cueing approach to improve speech prosody problems of children in Persian.

Identification of risky decision making trajectory can be used for determination of proper ages for prevention and intervention. The aim of this study is determination of developmental trajectory of risky decision making in Iranian Children. In present cross sectional study, Two hundred forty students of elementary school with classified random sampling participated in four region of Tehran. Neurocognitive Test of Balloon Analogue Risk Taking Task was used for evaluation of risky decision making. One way ANOVA and Tukey Post Hoc tests were used for analysis of data. Findings show that risk taking is significantly different in different grade (from first to sixth grade) of elementary school so that students with higher grades were more risk taker (P<0.01). Post Hoc analysis revealed that this difference is related to sixth grade. The results of present study indicate the growth of this type of decision-making in this age group that consequently, the role of education and school counseling services concerned with prevent from the growth of this style of decision-making by providing educational and psychological services in schools seems necessary.

Behavioral disorders are one of the most considerable disorders in children during these days. Accurate diagnosis and early identification, especially in disorders with similar sysmptoms, are noticeable and very important. Moreover, most of the affected individuals are rejected by their parents and teachers, decreasing their chances of normal development and their future life will be affected. Due to many similarities among oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, differentiation of these disorders is challenging, although diagnosing and distinguishing of these disorders are very important. Due to overlapping between oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal behavior with temporarely aggression, it was tried to design an artificial neural network to assist in accurate distinguishing these classes.Samples were consisted of 85 children with behavioral disorders (including ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder) and 50 children with normal behavior but temporarly sign of aggresion. Multilayer perceptron neural network was used to designe the system. The average of accuracy of correct classification with the desined network reacehed to 95.55%. The designed system can be used as a reliable assistant for the psychiatrists and it can increase the diagnosis realiability. The designed system can differentiate children with behavioral disorders with high accuracy. It can be used as a screening tool for high risk children.

The role of parents is critical in rehabilitation process of cerebral palsy children. However, living with a child with cerebral palsy may affect parent's general health status that influences the outcome. The aim of this study was the comparison of general health status in parents of normal children and children with cerebral palsy. Forty parents with cerebral palsy children (age range: fathers= 34±5, mothers= 29.4±4.5) and 40 parents with normal children (age range: fathers= 33±4, mothers= 28.8±4.6) filled general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) including 28-items regarding somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression. Two groups of parents were matched from the educational, cultural and financial aspects. General health score of parents with cerebral palsy was significantly higher than parents with normal children (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between mothers and fathers of children with cerebral palsy (P>0.05). According to the results, general health status of parents with cerebral palsy children (both mothers and fathers) is affected compared to parents with normal children. This study showed that fathers are at risk as the same as the mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Dominance has been defined as any sort of priority, or preference by one member of any bilateral pair of structure in the body, such as hands, legs, and cerebral hemispheres. Dominant eye is the one that is primarily relied on for precise positional information. This may be particularly important in sports which require aim, such as Archery.This study aimed to determine the relationship between dominance congruence and archery routine (binocular or monocular aiming) and the effect of routine in sports performance.

This cross sectional study was performed in Farabi Eye Hospital in Tehran City (Iran). Due to the limited number of the federation members all of the archery federation were invited to take part in the research in case some were unwilling to participate. The chi-square test was used to determine relationship between dominance congruence and archery routine and the effect of routine in sports performance.

Finally, we were able to evaluate 57 archers. There was significant relationship between dominance congruence and binocular aiming (p < 0.01) and also binocular aiming and sports performance (P < 0.05)

dominance congruence has benefits for athletes in this sport and increases the chance of aiming in binocular way. Dominant eye examination is taken into consideration in many studies but less attention has been to dominance congruence that can help guide an athlete towards better performance.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) was defined as involving deficits in localization, lateralization, auditory discrimination, pattern recognition skills, temporal processing, and performance decrements with competing or degraded auditory signals. CAPD prevalence in children 2 to 3 percent and the adult population is approximately 70 percent. Interventions for central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is based on the neuroplasticity, Stimulate the audio system can be improved auditory processing ability. The importance of our study is that if CAPD left untreated may result in poor understanding speech, loss of function of behavior, poor school performance and impact in the field of psychology, and social communications therefore obtain the best method of treatment is important. In the intervention should use of top-down and bottom-up methods of treatment. Treatment should be based on age, language features and Specific defects person with CAPD. It is better a multi-disciplinary intervention In addition to the remedies hearing, speech and language therapy, and psychological well done.

Neurogenic bladder is lower urinary tract dysfunction due to the neurological disease or damage to the nervous system. This condition is associated with impaired nerve conduction in the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, which can affect the bladder and urethral function. Urodynamic studies are essential for diagnosis and choosing suitable treatment approach. Common treatment methods are included medication, physiotherapy and surgery. The present article aimed to review different types of neurogenic bladders and physiotherapy approaches to manage them. Due to the drug’ side effects and being invasive and high costs of the surgery, physiotherapy can be a first option in the treatment of neurogenic bladder. Percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation is a simple, useful and effective method without any complications. In addition, biofeedback and pelvic floor muscle training considering as the first- line treatment.