مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 102، فروردین 1394)

Toothpaste should have the most plaque removal efficacy with the least abrasiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel abrasion induced by four toothpaste types. In this in vitro experimental study، 24 dental samples were divided into four groups of six. The initial surface roughness was measured with the roughness measuring device. Regarding abrasion test with Daroghar3، Nasim، Crest7 and Crest sensitivity toothpastes، samples were located in V8cross brushing machine. After washing and drying، the secondary surface roughness was again measured with the roughness measuring device. Average wear of samples was analyzed by means of ONEWAY ANOVA. The study results indicated no significant difference among the four types of toothpaste (p=0. 855). The toothpastes were ranked in regard with average roughness changes as fallows: Nasim، Crest 7، Crest sensitivity and Daroghar3. The toothpastes investigated in this study did not reveal any difference in terms of wear index.

Insulin and its receptor are located in the central nervous system where it regulates many important processes such as neural proliferation, apoptosis, synaptic transmission, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. Currently there is widening recognition that AD is closely associated with impaired insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in brain, suggesting it to be a brain-specific form of diabetes and so also termed as "type 3 diabetes". Insulin has been shown to affect both Aβ levels and Tau phosphorylation. Experimental evidence suggests a link between type 2 diabetes and AD. Insulin modulates metabolism of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neurons, decreasing the intracellular accumulation of Aβ. Therefore investigating the role of agents that could improve neuronal insulin resistance merit attention in AD therapeutics. In present study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of intra ventricular injection of metformin on spatial learning and memory of streptozotocin(STZ) Rat Model of AD. 48 Female wistar rate (200-250gr) were divided into 6 groups(n=6): control, STZ, STZ+Salin(5ul), STZ+Metformin(50,100,200ug/kg, i.c.v. for 10 day). For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v, 10 μl each) were administered bilaterally into latral ventricles. All rates were tested spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. We observed that pre-training microinjection of Metformin in to lateral ventricle for 10 day improves spatial learning and memory in STZ Rat Model of AD in a dose dependent manner, so that rats of these groups found platform in less time and with less distance traveled, in comparison with STZ+Salin group, in the radial maze. The results demonstrate possible therapeutic efficacy of metformin in AD by its ability to sensitize neuronal insulin resistance and also show that metformin is useful for AD treatment.

C-section is a method of delivery which has increasingly grown in different societies for different reasons. This invasive surgery can cause many problems in mothers. Following repeated C-sections, such complications as substantial intraoperative blood loss, increased maternal duration of hospitalization, and postoperative uterine adhesion are exacerbated. Ninety four patients candidate for first-time C-section referring to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd during 2012-2014 were included in this study based on inclusion criteria. Non-random convenience sampling method was used which continued until the desired sample size was achieved. The required information was recorded in a questionnaire based on patients’ history, and the degree of adhesion was measured according to NAIR’s modified criteria during the second C-section. The participants’ mean age was 27.59 years with a minimum and maximum of 20 and 36 years, respectively. Moreover, 35.1%, 44.7% and 20.2% of the sample had no adhesion, mild adhesion, and severe adhesion, respectively. A significant difference was observed within mothers with adhesion in terms of blood loss amount (p<0.001). The mean duration of hospitalization in different degrees of adhesion was also significant (p<0.001). In this study, a significant relationship was detected between the degree of adhesion and hemoglobin loss, duration of hospitalization, duration of fetus delivery from uterus, as well as the overall duration of operation.

Sulfur mustard(SM) is a strong alkylating agent that increases the formation of free radicals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic roles of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and N-acetyl-cysteine(NAC) in reduction of SM-induced oxidative stress in rat serum. In the present experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups including: control group, SM group (an endotracheal injection of SM 0.5%/kg only once), HMT group (7.5mg/kg), NAC group (0.5mg/kg), HMT-SM group, NAC-SM group, SM-HMT group and SM-NAC group. HMT and NAC were received daily an hour before and after receiving SM by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. After 14 days, the rats were anesthetized by ether, their blood was collected by cardiac puncture and the serum was obtained. Then, superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities, as well as glutathione(GSH) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels were determined by biochemical methods. SM decreased serum SOD (p<0.001) and CAT (p<0.05) activities as well as GSH level (p<0.01), whereas it increased GST activity (p<0.01) and MDA level (p<0.01). HMT and NAC pre- and post-treated animals showed a difference in these biochemical parameters as compared to SM-treated rats. The study findings revealed that SM induces oxidative stress in rat serum. HMT and NAC can ameliorate SM-induced oxidative stress by altering antioxidant defense system in serum. The protective effect of HMT against the toxicity of SM is higher than NAC.

Infertility is defined as the inability of the couples to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells and has a protective role in sensitive tissues such as testis. MDR1 gene is located on q21.1 of chromosome 7. Hence, this study aimed to assess the association of MDR1 polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility. In this study (case- control), DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes of 136 male patients with idiopathic infertility as well as 130 healthy men. Genotypes were determined by using PCR-RFLP technique and EcoO109I enzyme. The genotypes frequencies of CC, CT and TT in patient group were 19.12%, 39.70% and 41.18%, respectively, and the genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT in control group were 12.30%, 61.54% and 26.16%, respectively. The study findings revealed that a significant association was found between MDR1 polymorphism and idiopathic infertility (P= 0.001). Therefore, the results suggest that CT heterozygous genotype has a protective effect on male fertility (P= 0.01, OR= 0.41; 95%CI: 0.23- 0.84). However, to achieve more accurate results, it is necessary to examine a larger target population.

For many years, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was the main source for tissue engineering, though within recent years adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) has obtained a special place in this regard, since it seems easier to isolate these cells with fewer complications to the patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare two main sources of stem cells, ADSCs and BMSCs, considering cell doubling time and the percentage of viable cells during various cell passages. In this study, with equal Sterile and culture conditions in various cell passages, the percentage of viable cells and cell doubling time were assessed using MTT assay. Moreover, semi quantitative Oct-4 gene expression, RT-PCR method and image j software (1 to 10 passages) were applied to assess proliferation rate. Attained results of this study demonstrated that, at high passages ADSCs have a higher proliferation rate and viable cells compared to BMSCs. Furthermore, semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed the both cells were able to express Oct-4 and create a distinct band on gel electrophoresis, though ADSCs showed stronger band in comparison with BMSCs. Due to the rapid growth and viability, stem cells deriving from adipose tissue can be considered as a good stem cell source for cell therapy in the clinic in comparison with BMSCs.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common non-communicable diseases in the world which has affected more than 3 million people in Iran. Since ancient time, herbs were used in the treatment of diabetes. Hence, this study intends to investigate the effect of Hydro Alcoholic Extract of Commiphora Mukul on cardiac enzymes, lipid profile and blood glucose in diabetic male rats. In this study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, diabetic, diabetic treated with 300mg/kg of Hydro Alcoholic Extract of Commiphora Mukul and healthy treated with 300mg/kg of Hydro Alcoholic Extract of Commiphora Mukul. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) being injected intraperitoneally)I. P). After 3 months of treatment, Blood Glucose, LDH، CPK، ALP، LDL, HDL, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured and the data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA. The study results demonstrated that in the treated groups with Commiphora Mukul, blood glucose and serum levels of ALP, CPK, LDH, and LDL significantly increased. Furthermore, in the treated groups, HDL and cholesterol levels significantly reduced as compared to the diabetic control group (p<0. 05), tough the effect of the extract on blood triglyceride levels was not significant. The study findings revealed that it seems that Comiphora Mukul extracts produced no effect on diabetes and in some cases had a negative effect too.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen which can cause a broad spectrum of diseases including minor skin disease to more severe and aggressive infections. Therefore, this study intended to assess the frequency of methicillin-resistance among clinical isolates of S.aureus by phenotypic and PCR methods in Yazd, Iran. In this descriptive-cross sectional study, a total of 114 S. aureus isolates were collected from Different specimens of patients admitted to shahid sadoughi hospital in Yazd, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) and minimum inhibitory concentration of oxacillin (MIC) was performed by E.test method. Moreover, PCR method was performed in order to detect mecA gene using specific primers. Susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method showed that 43 samples (37/7%) and 49 samples(42/1%) were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin respectively. MIC results demonstrated that 47(42/1%) samples were resistant to oxacillin. Moreover, 54 samples(47/4%) were found to carry mecA gene using PCR. Highest resistances to antibiotics belonged to ampicillin(99/1 %), penicillin(98/2%), tetracycline(55/3%), erythromycin(37/7%), clindamycin(32/5%), ciprofloxacin (32/5%), ofloxacin (31/6%), gentamicin (26/3%), respectively. The study findings revealed that the multi-drug resistance (MDR) is prevalent among S.aureus isolates. Furthermore, cefoxitin disks were more useful than oxacillin disks to determine methicillin-resistance by disk diffusion method. However mecA gene was also detected in some samples susceptible to disk diffusion method. PCR technique was proved to be the best method to rapidly identify MRSA.

Temporo-mandibular dysfunction is a general term indicating involvement of masticatory muscles, temporo-mandibular joint or both. The frequency of these disorders has been reported even up to 60-70 % in some societies regarding sub-clinical signs. Unfortunately relevant researches about elderly population seems insufficient; therefore the present study has been designed and accomplished with the aim of frequency evaluation of temporo-mandibular disorders in patients with full denture referring to Prosthesis department of dental college during the academic year 92-93. In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients were randomly selected among the patients referring to the Prosthesis department during 2013-2014. The required data were collected by the means of Helkimo standard questionnaire plus demographic variants (age, sex, education level and the duration of using denture). The collected data was analyzed by SPSS ver.17 applying Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. 46 patients (46%) were male, 54 patients (54%) were female, and the age range was 35-64 years. The range of using denture was 1-3 years and the mean duration of using denture was 2.52 ± 1.58 years. The most common age range for the relevant disorders was 40-50 years and the frequency of TMD was more in women than in men. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between age factor and Anamnestic index (P=0.037), whereas no significant relationship was observed between frequency of these disorders, level of education and also duration of using previous denture. The study findings revealed that it seems that with increasing age the rate of complaints from TMD problems increases.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic respiratory disease in the west, which is due to a malfunction in protein of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). Since some studies showed the effect of vitamin D supplementation and increment in 25OHD serum level in these patients, this study aimed to conduct a review in this scope. For reaching the available studies, a search was conducted on the studies published between2009 to 2014 in English language with the key words of vitamin D deficiency, 25OHD serum level, vitamin D supplementation and relationship with cystic fibrosis in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. In Most studies conducted on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on 25OHD serum level, an increment in 25OHD serum level was observed, though it did not reach the therapeutic target level (> 75 nmol / l or> 30 ng / ml). As a matter of fact, few studies reached the therapeutic targets. Therefore, supplementation with vitamin D in patients with CF may assist to increase the level of serum 25OHD, though achieving appropriate levels of serum 25OHD depends on conducting more studies.