فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 9، پاییز 1393)

Social Development on accordance with Saul Cohen theory is considered as main factor in social, political and strategic changes in the area known as "Fragile Belt Zone" located in the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, East Mediterranean and North Africa. Social changes in these geographic regions have led to progression of crisis and displacement of power and provided the ground for political competition, social conflict and civil wars. The conversion of geopolitical competition to contrast of identity is the main reason for the extension of the crisis in the Middle East. The emergence of political and ideological identity affected the Political developments in the Middle East during the Cold War. The old conflicts among the Middle East countries were once again exposed them with security threats. This paper attempts to study the identity and ideological rivalries role in the radicalization of political and security developments in the Middle East. Generally, the radicalization of the Middle East is considered as a function of the role of identity, political and security groups. The competition of Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia can be considered as identity contrast and ideological rivalries in Middle East Identity contrast can also be reflected in Yemen, Egypt, Iraq and Syria crisis and disturbed the balance of regional security. Each of the regional actors and the major powers follows the geopolitical competitions through reconstruction of concepts and mobility of the ideological groups. Daesh as emerging security subject in Middle East has geopolitical nature and ideological function. Regional actors and the major powers paved the way for enhancing of competition and geopolitical contrasts through the use of identifying mechanisms.

Historical evidences show that state-building round in the third world and developing countries has not been carried out successfully and has been faced with the most challenges consist of: identity, legitimacy and nation- building crisis and religious- ethnic violence. In this research. the problem is that what do have been the important social challenges or impediments of state-building in today Afghanistan? Hypothesis is that, the most social challenges of state- building consist of: racial-ethnic cleavages, identity crisis and violence related to these cleavages, destructive role of Talebanism and the it’s fanatic tribalism, cultural poverty and serious traditionalism of this society. In this research, this problem has been explained with the method of sociological-causal explanation. In recent century, the historical evidences show that, the racial-ethnic cleavages and identity crisis and violence’s related to these cleavages have been the most social challenges of state- building in Afghanistan and in this perspective, the crisis in recent presidential elections has been analyzed.

Basically, good governance as a normative and theoretic notion explaining based on context, is a meta-concept phenomenon that will be constructed by other concepts. As third generation of governance, this paradigm is the production of institutionalism theory merging state, civil society and private sector. With regard to promotion of democracy and equality, not only good governance has outstretch instruments but also greater goals. Infect, in development lexicon, good governance has been posed as an alternative for development. This kind of governance and sustainable development are two inseparable concepts. Although good governance does not warrant the sustainable development but its dearth will bring about obstacles for development. So, the importance of these concepts will not be functioned in disengagement but in security environment because security will sort out the operation context of these aims. This paper argues that national security, sustainable development and good governance are inseparable concepts which bring forward development for particular political unit.

Iran- Turkey bilateral relations is continuous and dynamic subject in Middle Eastern studies. Challenges and opportunities arises from competition and cooperation of two countries over bilateral and regional issues, pose the question of superiority competition on regional issues and two countries efforts for achieving regional hegemony. Iran-Turkey power and influence competition is not limited to two state relations and regional organizations are also center of such challenges. This research intends to analyze the effect of Iran-Turkey power projection in Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and its effect on main Middle East issues to understand and assess the influence of these two regional players on the general organization capability in managing of security challenges in the Middle East.

The states in order to provide national security were ever stabilizing their own sovereignty in a proper area that was determined in the framework of political borders and was able to be marked that’s dimensions and limits. But, rising post-modernism, which was followed by rising local identities and non-government identities and non-government organizations (localization) and global and multinational companies and international or beyond national organization (globalization), this kind of sovereignty lost its own centralization and performed both global and local forms in the world. Therefore, the states in order to defend and protect the realm of political geography of their countries, sometimes was affected from global issues and sometimes from local one. Thus, in this condition, making coordination between these two subject (global and local issues), will guaranteed survival and duration of sovereignties. So, it can supposed that two series of factors that are effected by infra national(localization) and ultra-national(globalization) can change the realm of state's sovereignty in the post-modern period, answering this question that what are the effective factors on the realm of states sovereignty? Sure, this change does not mean that national governments and political boundaries declines; but, the new and changed form of states with a new function are appeared. So, it seems that international organizations, states and social movements are factors that influence sovereignties in the post-modern period. Thus, the purpose of present paper is to explain new specialties of the states’ sovereignty in the post-modern geopolitics. In this way, with a descriptive-analytical method, new form of sovereignty in the post-modern period which is in a different form comparing with sovereignties form in modern period will be analyzed noticing global, national and local changes.

This article has attempted to interdisciplinary approach, neoliberalism as lithography, printing, to make a cash crop. In the aesthetic, lithography, the essence of art and reduce the economic. On the economic front, with the invention of printing money instead of coins, power distribution and occupancy levels due to the lack of limitations in terms of metal coins in the outside world, universal and totalitarian nature, is obtained. In the political as well as military neoliberal government Panoptic on or control mechanism subtle, so subtle threat to freedom. The "secularization " eliminate mystery the conscious and unconscious process that is put on the agenda. The eliminate mystery and its content, the "release" and occupancy level and thereby opening wider to neoliberalism, a global learning and eliminate mystery totalitarianism and leads to happen. This article is a critique of the industrialization art, politics and the economy, as a alternative, interdisciplinary approach and look back offer is sacred. Following the basic argument that New liberalism, printing culture (publishing industry in the field of politics, art and economy), the question of whether there is a relationship between neoliberalism and technology, keeping contemplated and considered is. Innovation of this paper is to show the chain of alienation in all areas associated unit and modern social life, including art, art that people like Heidegger and school Frankfurters know the cause of liberation.

To be able to identify underlying macroeconomic theory that explains technical and managerial response to climate change, a political-economic approach is fundamental because there are deep ideological differences facing this subject. An approach to the development and a sustainable poverty reduction is desired in a new political economic attitude. It has however, been followed by limitations in its implementation and development of many projects. The American-European realistic expression regarding challenges of climate change is naive as they consider them to be more competitive and hegemonic of nature.The U.S Believes that multilateral development is not essential and yet, it is the U.S who has the ability to make a unilateral decision and also the power to impose such on others.The paper acknowledges how Europe plays the lead in mitigating climate change whilst the US efforts are invested in strengthening its lead in crude oil supply and simultaneously its power to veto climate related decisions made by others.The main question this paper tries to address is, if the rigid realistic view would be able to explain U.S. diplomatic leadership in the field of climate change? The underlying thought behind this paper is that the EU-US diplomatic manoeuvre in this controversy cannot be redirected by US pressure on Europe. Our argument is based on liberal attitude and particularly the interdependence theory, and it is more likely that the Europeans will reserve their superior advantages in terms of strategies and solutions to mitigate climate change.

Public Diplomacy is used by Modern States to influence public opinion as well as the elites to ensure their national interests. In Southwest Asia, Saudi Arabia broadly uses public diplomacy in its policy making and to influence and shape public opinion in this regards. This paper tries to answer this question: How does Saudi Arabia use public diplomacy to fulfill its foreign policy goals and objectives? In fact, Riyadh proclaiming itself as Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, takes advantage of the Hajj, religious schools, mass media including “Al-Arabia”, social and non-governmental institutions and organizations such as Muslim World League (Rabita al-Alam al-Islamic) and International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO) as public diplomacy tools to confirm and consolidate its status as the leader of the Arab and Muslim world. This culture and identity based Saudi’s policy which has been responsive in some geographical zones is justified through constructivism theory in this papers.