فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1393)

Income distribution is such a controversial subject which besides the economic aspect، its social aspect is also very important، as any economic approach to income distribution، followed by the special social consequences inevitably. Given that health is one of the categories that directly and indirectly affected by income distribution، in this study، we examine the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy as an indicator of health regarding the role of other factors such as health، environment and community can be studied. This paper uses time series data of 1351-1388 to evaluate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationships among the Gini coefficient، income per capita، doctors per capita، literacy rates and life expectancy in Iran. In order to test for existence of long-run relationship the bound testing approach to level relationship and error correction model (ECM) are applied. Bounds test results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between income inequality، literacy rate، and doctores (per 10000 population) and life Expectancy. According to the results of the ECM، deviations from long-run equilibrium rate adjustment is equal to 0/15. This confirms that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium is adjusted with rate of 15% per period. Moreover، estimated long-run coefficients indicate that an increase in literacy rate and physicians per ten thousand people، improves health indicators. While the effect of income inequality on health is significant and negative، rising inequality threatens public health. The results indicate that income inequality affects public health more than any other variables. Therefore، the income distribution is important determinant of the health and the appropriate policies to improve income distribution can be effective in promoting public health.

Inequality is not specific to income inequality and income inequality showing the limited view of the inequality in the society. The present study attempted to measure inequality in metropolitan of Shiraz by useing Wagstaff، Paci، Van Doorslaer and Amartya Sen Indexs. Using the Paci، Van Doorslaer and Wagstaff concentration index and advantage of the 30 variables to assess the status of health inequality in metropolitan areas of Shiraz and the sociology of Amartya Sen and the cost of the eight groups making components of the welfare costs affected households in the city of Shiraz has been paid. Results Paci and Van Doorslaer Concentration index show that the health component in nine metropolitan areas of Shiraz، the distribution is not balanced. This index shows that 38. 6 percent of the health variables in the region are concentrated in a city of Shiraz. Wagstaff index shows that nearly 38. 14 percent of the health variables in the region are concentrated in the city of Shiraz. Results of the use of the amartya sen index show that Cost of housing more than other groups cost has been affected the welfare of households and after this group، food costs more than other groups influence their welfare. Recreation and cultural services costs is located in final rank.

Different levels and trends of healthcare expenditure observed in different regions of the world caused emerging of various studies towards explanation of this phenomenon، much of them in developed countries. The aim of this study is exploring some of the major theoretical determinants of healthcare expenditure and their effects in Asian countries.

for this purpose، panel data regression technique for 43 Asian countries through 1995-2010، controlling for fixed effects has been used.

Controlling for fixed effects and through income classification، empirical results show that، per capita income could explain a large portion of healthcare expenditure variation between surveyed countries، also there is significant difference in determinants effects in classified country income groups.

income elasticity of private healthcare expenditure varies through classified income-related country groups but however this expenditure is necessity or “need” rather than luxury in the most countries of this region.

At present co-insurance (out of pocket payment) of insured parties in Iran for medicine prescriptions in outpatient ward equals to 30% of total cost of prescriptions. This amount of payment of co-insurance in those families with difficult to treat or chronic patients، causes to increase the encounter with catastrophic health costs. The goal of this research was to examine the willingness to pay of Social Security Organization insured for not encounter to catastrophic cost of medicine prescriptions. This cross sectional research was performed through interview based questionnaire in Esfahan Social Security Organizations insured society. The interviewees were randomly selected among head of households insured who referred to Esfahan''s Quods Clinic. Contingent valuation method was used to evaluation the mean of willingness to pay of respondents. Validity and reliability of this method were verified through several studies. One way Anova and categorical regression in SPSS software were used for examination of variables relation and analysis of factors effected upon the amount of willingness to pay. Respondents were willing to pay 3496 Tomans (SD=2396) of medicine prescriptions costs for exemption from payment of prescriptions with prices more than100،000 Tomans. The results of categorical regression analys showed the maximum effect of income level upon the amount of willingness to pay. Regarding to the mean evaluated of willingness to pay; insurer organizations can increase the coverage of medicine prescriptions cost more than 100،000 tomans price، through decreasing the coverage of medicinal prescriptions with fewer prices than estimated WTP.

One of the main axioms of sustainable growth is the phenomenon of human development and its health improvement in the field of social welfare which depends on multi socio economic factors including insurance demand. The main purpose of this study was to describe how life insurance effects on life expectancy index and then measuring life insurance demand on life expectancy index and Under-five year mortality rate of Iran. Relevant data have been collected for the years1981 to 2011 and been analyzed to find out the impact of economic factors and life insurance development on social welfare in Iran; using panel data analysis. The results show that the economic variables، per capita income، inflation and unemployment are used as control variables affecting health. Results indicate a significant positive effect of the demand for life insurance on health index. The demand for life insurance could bring an increase health of the in Iran country. Based on the findings of this study، variables such as per capita income significant and positive effect and variables such as unemployment، inflation have significant negative effect on health indicators.

Social health is one of the most serious research topics in the last two decades. Accordingly، the present study aimed to investigate the individualism - collectivism in the two sexes and the role of individualism - collectivism is done in social health. In a cross - sectional study، 300 students (159 girls and 141 boys) social health questionnaire (Keyses، & Shapiro، 2004) and the scale of individualism-collectivism (Triandis et al، 1988) responded. To examine gender differences in individualism-collectivism، horizontal and vertical، and social health، independent t-test was used. Hierarchical regression analyzes to assess the relationship between gender and social health (subscale of social cohesion، social acceptance، social participation، social prosperity and social adaptation) and to examine the role of mediating individualism - collectivism implemented. The results of the independent t-test showed that boys than girls in one variable - the horizontal individualism (p<. 05) and horizontal collectivism (p<. 05) and subscale of social acceptance (p<. 05)، social conformity (p<. 01) and public health (p<. 05) had significantly higher scores were reported. Hierarchical regression analysis results also showed that after controlling for individual factors - collectivism، the variable gender، there is no significant correlation between any of the five dimensions of social health. In other words، the results showed that individual differences in both horizontal and vertical collectivism and gender plays a key role in predicting social health. individualism - collectivism on the relationship between gender and social health of students is due. This is necessary in order to examine gender differences in terms of social health، the role of cultural models of individualism - collectivism be considered.

Social Emotional Intelligence constitutes an important part of the mental health of teachers. Due to The importance of emotional intelligence in mental health، Actually increase Social Emotional skills should be consider as one of the important objectives of community training programs of the education system. Method &material: This research is a kind of experimental design in which، describes a program to enhance social and emotional skills and general health in teachers. The statistical sample comprised of 76 elementary teachers (grades 4 and 5) with at least 10 year teaching experience and bachelor degree who were randomly assigned into control (22 female، 20 male) and experimental (20 female، 14 male) groups. Bar-On social-emotional scale (adult version) and GHQ test for general health were used as the tools of research. During ten weeks and 10 sessions the experimental group participated in a set of social-emotional skills (inter personal – intrapersonal skills) training program. To analysis of the data، Independent t-Test، multivariate analysis of variance، and regression were used. The results showed that training had significant effect in increasing social emotional skills and its components on teacher experimental group. Results also showed positive correlation between enhancement of Emotional skills and general health. To be most effective، mental or emotional health content and processes should be applied consistently across the curriculum and at all grade levels. An aspect of mental or emotional health is social-emotional intelligence.

Introdiction: This Article is aimed to investigate the Defference between Boys and Girls Students'' Spiritual Intallegence and General Health، as well as analyzing the Differences between Male and Female Students in the Spiritual Intelligence and General Health Factors. This Was a Cross-Section Correlation Study. 100 Male and Female Students were Selected Based On Available Sampling Method and Given Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (King، 2008) And General Health-28 Invontery (Goldberg، 1972) Questionares to Fill. Results Showed a Significant and Positive Association between Spiritual Intelligence and General Health Using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Accordingly، It Could Be concluded that there is Asignificant and Positive Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and General Health as Two Essential Variables in Life.

Couples adjustment is one of the important aspects of adjustment in marital life. It refers to a situation in which wife and husband feel satisfied due to being with each other. Present research aimed to investigate the relationship between irrational beliefs and marital adjustment of couples in Esfahan City. Among couples who had referred to a counseling clinic in Esfahan، 62 couples were selected in convenience. They answered to Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier، 1976) and Irrational Beliefs Test (Jones، 1986). Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant and negative correlation among dyadic adjustment with cognitive components such as: need for others’ approval (-0. 24)، high self-expectation (-0. 14)، tendency to blame (-0. 11)، reaction to deprivation (-0. 21)، emotional irresponsibility (-0. 13)، high concern along with anxiety (-0. 22)، avoiding from problems (-0. 11)، helplessness towards change (-0. 10)، dependency (-0. 25)، and perfectionism (-0. 18) respectively. Analysis of regression showed that cognitive components can explain %25 of variation in dyadic adjustment. Findings emphasize on the importance of consultant programs before marriage. Also، the findings will be beneficial for training consultants in clinical centers. In addition، such programs preserve mental health of couples and their lives permanently besides of saving therapeutic costs.