نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 8 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

There is no doubt that Mongols came، killed، burned، and destroyed; but believe of murder and looting expressed by some historians and researchers is not easy. In some traditions، killing several million people by Mongols and the complete destruction of the cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana was reported and concluded that these cities will have not their population boom for thousands of years. This article examined and evaluated Traditions properly raised about the figures relating to the murder and plunder the Mongol invasion by using historical sources before and after the Mongol invasion and Ibn Khaldun’s consistent Method. In this framework، the accuracy of the facts narrated by the natural، social and other sources was measured and what the real issues and the human intellect does not match، false reports، exaggerated and unacceptable introduced. The results show Mongols killed and looted carried severe، only in some cities of Khorasan and Transoxiana that resist and did not desobey or killed a member of a family of Genghis، But not to the extent that some historians have argued. In most cities that people surrender، murder and pillage were not widespread and cities maintain their previous system and state. Therefore، Khorasan، Transoxiana and other areas of Iran were not completely destroyed and the rate of murder and pillage mentioned by some historians and scholars was much lower.

The city of Tabriz which prosperous rich historical background and during its history has always been as the first or second city of Iran government lineages; In the Qajar era known as “daralsaltaneh Tabriz” was considered as prince consort and the second most important city after Daralkhlafeh Naseri. Political importance of Tabriz in one hand and based in northwestern of Iran border made the city has become a gateway for entry of abroad (west) modernity and progress into the country. Among the manifestations of these developments، was the first maps of different cities of Iran during the Qajar era. Seven of the maps was prepared for the city of Tabriz، which has produced the largest number among the cities of Iran and as one of the authentic documents considered for understanding the spatial structure of this important city. So the purpose of this paper is to present the evolution of historical maps of the city of Tabriz in the Qajar period. To force to specified the most important changes in the spatial structure of this city in the Qajar period. In this paper، according to the historical issue، the method of data collection is descriptive with historical documentary approach that will be taking advantage of the literature (and references). As well as data analysis and findings of studies is in the comparative - analytical method. Finally، the changes of the spatial structure of the city of Tabriz in the Qajar era can be divided into three periods: 1. Gholikhani headed and Abbas Mirza’s Crown Prince، 2. The Crown Princes of nasir aldin shah and mozaffar aldin shah، 3. Mohammad Shah’s Crown Prince and the constitutional period and drawings are done in such a way that represents the characteristics of each period.

Abazy Imams of Oman with religious conflicts، the formation of a government of national oriented symmetrically to begin their assault on the northern half of the Persian Gulf under Iranian sovereignty and Jane particular its subsidiaries were rulers of Hormuz and political ties. Abazy power of religious groups in the southern Persian Gulf and Sea of ​​Oman and challenge their violations of the islands and ports of Iran، one of the most distinctive and influential events، especially in the late Safavid period. In the reign of Shah Abbas II anti-colonial movement، the Omani domination yearebh Portuguese rule ended and a new series Al Yarbh Foundation in shades of sea power and the weakness of the central government، assaults and aggravated assaults reported to the beaches and islands and ports of Iran. Thus، interactions between the two countries and link to the previous interactions overshadowed. Examine how the power of foreign imams in Oman and weak and inefficient administration in dealing with their main goal of this research.

Like today، in the last world، expansion of governments usually was part of the require justification for legitimacy. This justification is a pretext and excuse rather than a reflection of all the facts. In those days one of the most important governments pretext for expansion was the religious justification. To spread the Muslim religion and its precepts by holding was usually one of the most important excuses of Muslim governments to increase the power and territory. The duty of Jihad، was the main pretext for the conquest of Muslims in non-Islamic lands. But when some of these governments wanted expansion within the territory of Muslim and against other competitors، Because of the limited use of jihad for campaign in the Dar-al-Islam، attempt to other precepts By holding was their excuse. One of these excuses was trying to help perform the Hajj duty to its own nationals. Since the introduction of the duty was security of way of the pilgrims from Mecca and Medina within their territories، Muslim governments always knew one of his duties with such security. By this excuse، and in fact to justify its expansion in the scope of their neighbors، they would intervene and conquest. Such a thing seems to be pretext of The East Iranian Muslim governments. Because their pilgrims to perform Hajj، must pass through the center and the West of Iran. Raising such claims in the history of Iran in the Islamic period، has started probably from Ghaznavid dynasty and has continued until the middle of the Safavid era. In this article، the process of this claim of the East Iranian Muslim governments، in their relations with the governments of the West and Center of Iran، is being studied.

The focus of this paper is to explain the role and function of guilds in the Safavi era. Therefore، awareness of this issue is important from several perspectives: First، explaining the structure and formations governing guilds in the Safavid era as one of the most essential institutions in the community. Second، absence of guild-oriented economic idea in researches done about Safavi era and adopting the approach of determining the status and role of guilds in the Safavi era. Since no comprehensive research has been done on the conditions of guilds in the Safavi era، conducting research on this topic is a novel work. Prior to this، some scattered descriptions of the name and application of Safavi guilds have been presented. In this study، we examined the role and status of guilds in the Safavi era. Then، their subordinate institutions were classified and introduced thereafter. After that، two main guilds، their lifestyles and livelihoods were mentioned. Furthermore and in an important part of this paper، both internal and external structures of guilds were classified. Finally، the assessment and analysis of the hierarchy of these guilds were discussed. Internal structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era included: ealdorman، head of market، master، worker or artisan، and apprentice. Also، the external structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era such as sheriff، superintendent، Muhtasib (adviser)، and security officer، who was the Chief of Security and had some judicial powers of judges، were discussed. The data was collected via library method. Furthermore، descriptive – analytical approach was adopted for this study. The data and information were collected from various sources and conclusions and analyses were done based on these findings.

With the fall of the Ilkhanid dynasty، Iranian became the political arena of conflict between the various powers. Qara Qounlu alliance was one of them. The formation and geographic expansion of Qara Qounlu occur in Kurdish territory so conflict between them was inevitably. Generally Kurd tribes try to connection with dominant power، together with preservation of their independence in own ancestral territories. How Kurd tribes encountered with Qara Qounlu and on the other side how Qara Qounlu confederation considered to power of Kurd tribes? In conflict between Qara Qounlu and Qara qounlu confederation، Kurd tribes have tendency to which one? It’s seems that Kurd tribes have role such as a balance lever between them and religion was unimportant element in there. Therefore Kurd tribes acquire senior officials in Qara Qounlu government.

With the death of Karim Khan Zand and bloody disputes between Zand heirsregarding his legacy and the subsequent decline and fall of the power of the central government، as is typical in Iranian political history، once again an opportunity was created for regional and tribal powers in various states and provinces to expand their power and autonomy، seize the throne، or play a role in the power equations، based on their political and military power. Due to its unique and important position anddiversity of tribal and regional powers and their geographical distribution throughout this state، Azerbaijan experienced an important part of thesedisplays ofpolitical and military power. With the death of Karim Khan Zand، Azerbaijan tribal powers and mainly Donbalis and Afshars who since long ago traditionally ruled over parts of this vast and rich state، began to play a political role. On the other hand، this state attracted the attention of other claimants to power includingAli Mardan Khan Zand and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and each tried to take advantage ofthis dispersion and diversity of power. Eventually، by taking advantage of tribal disputes and conflicts of power contenders in Azerbaijan، Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar managed to take an important step towardsseizing the throne.