نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 10، بهار 1393)

Middle East is one of the most important geopolitical areas of the world and therefore it has been always a field on which all the players have been competing to make it as their territory. While in the past it was the states that tried to territoriality, nowadays there are some non-governmental players as Muslim Brotherhood movements that try to play the game of territory making so that non-governmental endeavors have been much more than governmental ones. Muslim brotherhood movement is a cause that the nature and aim of its territoriality is an ideological one. The movement although incepts in Egypt but in a little time was expanded to other countries either in Middle East or even in the world and it could catch the power in some of the Middle East counties. In this paper the authors tries to explain the process of the territoriality of this movement in Middle East and to study the factors effective in its territoriality. The method of this survey is descriptive and analytical and the resources Were collected used library and documents. It concludes that the movement of Muslim Brotherhood has expanded its territoriality with using factors as Sunni domination, culture, race and Arabic language, geography and geopolitical developments, such as colonialism and the question of Palestine. Brotherhood movement's success in Territoriality, in addition to the above skills, influence compliance with the environmental situation in the different countries, So that the movement in different countries, has come almost completely different paths.

After a long term, the tyranny struck Egypt hopefully looked for promising achievements of the 2011 revolution.But that hope was short-lived and before the end of his legal term, the first civil president had been overthrown by Army and in the commotion pros and cons. Winning the majority of parliament and then first presidential election put the Muslim brotherhood leaders under the spotlight and scrutiny. Apart from the deficiencies in political and economic fields, according to the authors, Muslim Brotherhood leaders’ inattention towards the reflections of their actions in society, and how society would interpret the extensive presence of Muslim Brotherhood members and supporters in political sphere, was the main reason of allegations of totalitarianism and authoritarianism against them by their opponents. Inspired by the phenomenological methodology of Alfred Schutz’ sociology, we interpret the subjective meaning of Muslim Brotherhood political actions in 3 levels: ideology, organization and the Jama’at historical experience. Afterwards, we try to understand the objective meaning of these political actions in the Egypt’s political culture and then compare it with the idealtype of democratic political culture. At the end, pointing to the gap between the Muslim Brotherhood interpretation of the meaning of their political participation and other actors’ understanding, the tragic fate of Mohammad Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood leaders will be explained.

Holiness of politics as an attitude has been prevailed throughout the Iranian’s political history. Such a perspective enjoys some characteristics: believing in God, coordination between political and cosmic order, interrelation of religion and politics, and Divine light or chosen leader. Convincingly, foreign relations have been impressed by the belief. The current paper seeks for answer of these questions that what are the aspects of the holiness of politics view and also its effects on Iranians’view toward foreign relations.When we say Iranians, we mean Iranian Islamic thinkers.To provide a sounding answer and because of their deep effects on Islamic Iran’political thoughts, the author has explained the nature and characteristics of the idea from three brilliant thinkers’view in Islam era,i.e Ferdowsi, Khaaje Nezamolmolk, and Khaaje Nasir. In this regard,Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, Khaaje Nezamolmolk’s Siaaatnameh and Khaaje Nasir’s Akhlaq-e- Naseri are our selected samples.These works were studied through qualitative content analysis and their identified indices for the holiness of the politics were examined. The findings of the article prove that the holiness of politics view has turned Iran’s foreign relations as well as Iranian thinkers’ thought as a scene of dichotomy doctorine (the eternal skirmish between the Good and the Evil).

Today, development of communication and growing globalization has naturally undeniable effects on communities and creation of new movements in line with these changes, so that transcend the boundaries of modernity and begin to shape postmodern world. Formation of new social movements and the development of them exemplifies this principle that led to new changes and activities in the social, international, and political fields. Recent movements in the Middle East and North Africa, are ones that seem to be regarded like new social movements, comprehensive, media- oriented, open, flexible and of non-class identity and fluid, following creation of civil society.Writing ahead with descriptive- analytical approach and using library resources and documents is trying to study these movements and answer this question:What is the most important feature of the Middle East movements that on this basis, they can be called new social movements? After identifying characteristics of the new social movements, the most important aspect of the Middle East movements and their similarities with the new movements will be studied. It is useful to know more about these movements and analyze them better.

Throughout its history, Al-Azhar University has undergone some changes. Before and after the recession in Ottoman era, with the rise of Mohammad Ali Pasha, this university entered a new phase. In this period, Al-Azhar became completely dependent on the government financially. Seyyed Jamal took important steps toward reforming this scientific center that were followed by Abdeh. Each of the mentioned reform projects had certain social-political consequences in Egypt society. Employing descriptive-analytical as well as historical sociology approach, this paper investigated the nature of Al-Azhar reform projects and their roles in social and political transformations in Egypt. It seems that due to the nature of sciences prevailing from Ayyubian era at Al-Azhar,content reforms of Seyyed Jamal and Abdeh were not continued and did not work well. Instead, the structural reforms of Mohammad Ali Pasha were effective at Al-Azhar and minimized the role of this university in the social and political changes of Egypt.

Due to the importance of Islamic world from many perspectives, it has attracted the attention of many researchers to itself, and as a result, scientific outputs on Islam topic has increased considerably. On the other hand, nowadays, scientometric studies have been used as indicators for evaluating and assessing the researches as well as for policy making for future studies. Policy making in science and technology is inevitable and in every research area there must be clear policies and strategies. But in Islamic studies area, despite of extension and importance these studies, there is a gap in assessing of its research outcomes. The necessity of such assessment becomes more clear when we find that Islamic countries need to organize their researches and avoid disordered researches so that they could optimize future researches through policy making. Hence, with the aim of setting goals for future studies, present study by using sicentometrics indicators intends to help policy making in political studies of Islamic world. The main aim of this research is to analyze the conceptual structure of scientific outputs of west researchers in political on Islamic topics.From quantitative view, the number of researches have been increased rapidly since 2005 and forecasts show that until 2016, the number of researches on Islam topic would go beyond 1600 papers per year. Governments’ policies like Islamophobia and secular Islam have affected the researches clearly. Also, many of the present social problems, like muslims’ problems in France has been reflected in some of researches. Moreover,it can be said issues like democracy, human rights, terrorism, violence, and Islamic governance are the other important topics of researches.

In human societies, particularly in the area of politics and security, power that is linked to the basic concepts such as sovereignty and survival of vital values, has an important position. The power with features such as “legitimacy”, “influence” and “efficiency” is called authority. Governments always strive to maintain and expand their sources and methods of production and reproduction of authority at national level. Considering the importance of national authority, the recognition of its components and explanation of influence and position of each component is necessary. Present study, which is developmental- applicable research, by employing case study technique and also explanation of the most important component of national authority, i.e. security defense, is attempting to make clear its role in the consolidation and development of national authority of Islamic Republic of Iran. Hence,opinions of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei, the supreme leader, as founders of Islamic republic of Iran were reviewed as well. Results of present study indicated that the security defense component has a special status in national authority’s material and objective aspects but main base of its influence is relying upon spiritual dimension.