مجله پژوهشهای جانوری (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Some of index of ovarian fluid biochemical such as ionic، organic and their relationships with osmolality in 10 specimens was investigated. Also spermatozoa motility of Rutilus frisii kutum was investigated in different percentage (0، 33، 50، 67، 75، 80 and 85%) of ovarian fluid. ovarian fluid contained 98. 35±14. 33 mmol/l Na+، 7. 22±1. 81 mmol/l Mg+، 8. 08±2. 29 mmol/l K+، 619. 69±171. 60 mg/dl cholesterol، 9. 76±2. 64 mg/dl Ca2+، 13. 55±4. 15 mg/dl protein، 359. 43±70. 26 mg/dl glugose. The range of pH was 7. 71±0. 4 and the range of osmolality was 237. 57±22. 10 mmol/Kg. When Rutilus frisii kutum semen diluted with 33 and 50% ovarian fluid، the spermatozoa had highest motility. The total duration of motility and percentage of motile spermatozoa was greatly raduced when semen was diluted of ovarian fluid higher than 50%. Generally sperm motility of Rutilus frisii kutum affected by high concentrations of Na، osmolality and glugose.

Ongoing ecological study of the Caspian Sea، in particular identifying the distribution and species composition، density and biomass، seasonal and regional variations in phytoplankton seems to be necessary before any study. Due to various Physic and chemical factors of rivers leading to the sea، the situation seems different topography and throughput rate initial productions in the different seasons are different. This study done in 2010-2011 through Spring، Summer، Autumn and Winter، in 32 studies from 8 transects (Astara، Anzali، Sefidrood، Tonekabon، Noshahr، Babolsar،and Bandar Turkman). In each transect، have choosen 5 stations and different depths of 5 m، 10 m، 20 m، 50 m and 100 m were sampled quarterly from the zero depth (level)، 10 m، 20 m، 50 m and 100 m were by Niskin sampler. In totally، 7 branches Bacillariophyta، Pyrrophyta، Cyanophyta، Chlorophyta، Euglenophyta، Xantophyta and Haptophyta and 182 phytoplankton species were identified. Among the 81 species of Bacillariophyta، 25 species of Pyrophyta، 33 species of Cyanophyta، 31 species of Chlorophyta، 1 specie of Chrysophyta and 1 species of Xantophyta. Studies showed that the dominant branches of phytoplankton were Pyrrophyta، Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta and Shannon index for the various branches of phytoplankton were different.

The present investigation is based on the study of density and identification of orders Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida in Bahrakan waters، Handijan Harbor (NW Persian Gulf). Sampling was conducted during July، August and October 2010 and December، February and April 2011. Zooplankton samples were collected by plankton net (100 - μm) from six stations. During the above period of study، members of the orders Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida represented by 15% and 4%، respectively. The highest density of both these orders was calculated during July 2010 in Bahrakan waters. The order Cyclopoida was represented by four species namely: Oithona nana، O. simplex، O. brevicornis، O. attenuata and O. nana was the dominant species in this order. The order Harpacticoida was also represented by four species namely: Euterpina acutifrons، Microsetella rosea، M. norvegica، Macrosetella gracilis and E. acutifrons the former species showed the highest abundance among Harpacticoida. Morphological characteristics of each species are also presented in this paper.

Effect of replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils (soybean and canola) based diets were investigated on growth and survival of the Caspian kutum (Rutilus kutum) fingerlings in laboratory cultures. Fish (n=1260) (initial weight and length، 0. 62 mg and 4. 2 mm، respectively) were distributed in six practical diet treatments containing 100% fish oil based diet، 100% canola oil based diet، 100% soybean oil based diet and mixtures (50:50%) of these oils in 8-weeks feeding trial. Results showed that mean final weight of fish fed with canola and soybean oil diets were significantly higher compared to other treatments (P>0. 05); but mean total length of fish was not significant between treatments (P>0. 05). The lowest condition factor was observed in fish fed with mixture of soybean-canola oils diet and this content was not statistically different between treatments (P>0. 05). Feed conversion ratio contents were better in fish fed with canola and soybean oil diets. Survival rates of fish fed with canola and soybean oil diets were higher compared to other mixture treatments، but were not statistically different with fish fed with fish oil diet (P>0. 05). The highest specific growth rate was obtained in fish fed with canola and soybean oil diets (P>0. 05). On the basis of the results، it is recommended that there is the possibility of total replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils without compromising effects on growth and survival of R. kutum fingerlings.

This research was carried out on the effects of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anesthetic substance on Hematological index، glucose and cortisol levels as an stress indicator and was appraised induction and recovery time the fish at effective concentrations 0/1، 0/3، 0/5 and 0/7 ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol. Results showed that exposure to low concentrations of this anesthetic (0/1and 0/3) caused deep anesthesia in the longer time and the recovery time is less، but in higher concentrations (0/5 and 0/7) deep anesthesia occurred in less time. were not found significant differences in WBC level in tested concentrations (P > 0. 05). But at 0/1ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol There were significant differences in the number of red blood cells and percentage of hematocrit whit control group. And hemoglobin significantly differed with the control group at 0/3 and 0/51ml L-1 concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol (p<0/05). 0/5 and 0/7 ml L-1 concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol had no effect on blood index. in 0/1and 0/3 ml L-1 concentration of this substance، the level of plasma cortisol significantly increased (p<0/05). And in higher concentrations، cortisol levels significantly decreased (p<0/05). Generally، with increasing concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol، glucose levels increased significantly compared whit control group (p<0/05). But with increase of concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol from0/5 to 0/7 ml L-1 significant differences were observed in glucose concentration. The result of this experiment show that the concentrations 0/7 ml L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol With the rapid induction of deep anesthesia and creating lowest stress، can be the most appropriate concentration is used in this fish.

A total of 13 specimens of the genus Microtus distributed in the Galleban region of Marand in the East Azerbaijan were investigated based on morphological and karyological methods. Karyological and morphological characters of these samples show that all species are Microtus socialis. Their morphology (The color of dorsally is brown to yellowish. Ventral is grayish to silvery grey and there is no sharp demarcation. The tail is short with bicoloured; above is darker in comparison the below، and covered with hairs. Size of hairs getting longer in the end of their tail. Eyes are small and black. Ears are small but visible to some extent. Hands and legs are covered with hairs and their color are similar to dorsally of the vole.) and habitat were as like as M. socialis of Moghan (Ardebil Province). The karyotype of the samples were 2n=62، NF=62 and Nfa= 60. All of chromosomes are acrocentric.

A relatively new technique of geometric morphometric was applied in a variety of biological fields that relies on study of shape variation. In this study the variation in the shape of the upper and lower molars among 122 mice، belong to one species from Iran (Mus musculus) and two species from Europe (Mus macedonicus، Mus spiciligus) of the subgenus Mus، were studied with outline-based geometric morphometric method. Specimens from Iran were collected from eigh regions and the European species come from an animal breeding animal home in France. Results of Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) showed significant differences between dental shape of three studied species and indicate differences between M. macedonicus، M. spiciligus from Europe and M. musculus from Iran. Among molars، second upper and first lower molar have more effect in separation M. musculus، M. macedonicus and M. spiciligus from each other. As a result، we can conclude that this method provides a useful way to visualize molar variation in shape.

Sympatric species sharing the same limited resources partition their niches at least in one of the niche dimensions to reduce inter-specific competition. We studied microhabitat، activity time and escape techniques of four sympatric lizards species including Mesalina watsonana، Phrynocephalus scutellatus، Trapelus agilis، and Laudakia nupta in Kolah-Ghazi national park. Four habitat types were characterized based on vegetation type and topographical features. Microhabitat variables were measured in 5×5 plots centered on the sighting points of the lizard species. The time when individuals of each species were first sighted and the escape techniques of them were recorded. Results revealed that these species share similar activity periods، but they show significant differences in utilization of microhabitat. Escape techniques of the four lizard species was proportional to their microhabitat features. We conclude that microhabitat the most important sharing resource segregating niches of these four lizard species.

Hawksbill turtle is a species which endangered and much researchs was not done on condition of this species in Kish Island which is one of main places for nesting. This study was performed for reproductive characteristics Hawksbill turtles of kish Island in 2010-2011. Biological and reproductive characteristics of female turtules and embryos were measured the obtained results contain average weight of turtle 40. 143kg،straight carapace length 65cm،straight carapace width 50. 619cm and the average total of eggs 92. 5±2. 862، number of normal eggs 74. 5±2. 178، number of abnormal eggs 17. 3±1. 548، diameter of eggs 37. 927±0. 19، weight of eggs 30. 793±0. 47، the average straight carapace length 38. 746±0. 18 mm، straight carapace width 30. 792±0. 15 mm and weight 12. 416 ±0. 19gr، percent hatching success 84. 76، incubation period 67 days. The highest correlation between weight and straight carapace length for embryo obtained with correlation coefficient r =0. 858. Results of study showed that there is no significant difference between reproductive characteristics of Hawksbill turtles of Iranian Persian Gulf Islands and countries of Persian Gulf and Oman sea، but size of egg in Persian Gulf region is bigger than other parts of world because of smaller size of female turtle and average lower number of eggs. Percent of hatching success is lower than the other parts of world mainly because of oil pollution.

In this study، the effects of hormonal Ovaprim، HCG and pituitary extract injection on biochemical parameters of seminal plasma (Na+، K+، Ca+، Mg2+، cholesterol and glucose) in snow trout (Schizothorax zarudnyi) males were compared. Twenty males at Zahak hatchery with a body weight of 784±77 g were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. The spermiation of males was stimulated with ovaprim، HCG، cPG and saline physiological (control) at the following doses: 0. 3 ml/kg، 400IU/kg، 0. 2 mg/kg and 0. 3 ml/kg، respectively. The results showed that there were a significant difference of seminal plasma Na+، K+، glucose and cholesterol among treatments (P<0. 05). As the highest value of Na+، K+، glucose and cholesterol observed in ovaprim treatment (91. 10±3. 14 mmol/lit، 78. 00±3. 43mmol/lit، 0. 043±0. 03 mg/dl and 0. 073±0. 03 mg/dl respectively). Likewise there was a highly significant difference of seminal plasma Ca+ among treatments (P<0. 05)، as the highest value of Ca+ observed in ovaprim and pituitary extract treatments (7. 46±0. 99 and 7. 17±0. 51 mmol/lit). The results showed that there were no significant difference in Mg2+ among treatments (P>0. 05). The present study demonstrated that ovaprim، HCG and pituitary extract have different effects on biochemical parameters of seminal plasma in snow trout، and ovaprim has more effects on biochemical parameters of sperm than HCG and pituitary extract.

Fenitrotione is one of the popular organophosphorus insecticides that is using in gardens and farms، which in this research the effects on mortality rate، filtration rate and intake in Daphnia magna، as an important zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems، was investigated. This organism has high feeding value for all fresh water fingerlings especially for marketing fish. Also the culturing of D. magna is one of the necessary purposes in fertilizing of rearing fish ponds. In this study، D. magna was used as indicator organism in ecotoxicological test. This study was done in static method for 24h، a design of 5 treatments (0. 005، 0. 01، 0. 02، 0. 04 and 0. 1) was arranged with three replicates. All water physico-chemical parameters such as temperature، pH، dissolved oxygen، hardness and electrical conduction were controlled. Chrorella volglaris (10 mg/l) was used to detect filtration rate and intake by D. magna and observed that with increasing Fenitrotione concentration، filtration rate and intake were decreased. According to the present research، Ec10 (Effective Concentration 10)، Ec50 (Effective Concentration 50) and Ec90 (Effective Concentration 90) were 0. 004 mg/l، 0. 011 mg/l and 0. 028 mg/l، respectively. Also maximum allowable concentration (MAC)، low observe effect concentration (LOEC) and none observe effect concentration (NOEC) were 0. 0011 mg/l، 0. 005 mg/l and 0. 00011 mg/l، respectively. It means that this insecticide is high toxic for D. magna. Hence we can conclude that Fenitrotione is very toxic for D. magna and the entered amount was more than EC10 in fresh water ecosystems، this phenomenon.

This study conducted to survey the feeding indices of small scale sardeh fish (C. damascina) in Sezar river of Lorestan Province. Montely sampling was done from Julay to December 2011 and by Purse seine net with different mesh size and gill net with 50 mm mesh size. For diet analysis، 128 number of C. damascina was used. The length and weight of sampled fishes was in renges of 18 to 33 cm and 76 to 519 g، respectively. The average of RLG index was 5. 33±0. 07 that specified the herbivory or prephyton feeder. The mean of gastro- somatic index، condition factor (K)، index of fullness (IF) and vacuity index (CV) was 0. 13± 0. 002، 1. 41± 0. 01، 340. 96±20. 77 and 5. 47، respectively. The genera Navicula، Cymbella، Diatoma and Nitzschia were identified as the main food، the genera Fragillaria، Microspora، Pinnularia، Gomphonema، Oscillatoria، Pediastrum، Rhoicosphenia، Acnanthidium، Tribonema، Melosira، Surirella، Achnanthes، Lyngbya، Scenedesmus as the supplementary food and the genera Ulothrix، Gyrosigma، Spirogyra and Closterium as the incidental food of C. damascina.

To determine the changes of plasma levels of cortisol،T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) and growth factors of rainbow trout in reponse to a wide range of salinities، The fingerlings of raivbow trout Iinitial weight of (12. 22±0. 11 g) were introduced to different environmental salinities. A compelately randomized desine with 5 Treatment and each treatment contained 3 replicate was achived. One hundreds of fingerlings were gradually acclimatized to freshwater (control)، 10،، 20، 30 and 40 ppt for 10 days. The experiment was then run for 50 days using a commercial trout feed. The obtained results showed that final weight was different from 37. 32±0. 29 (g) in freshwater (control)، and other water salinities include 34. 92±0. 31 (g) in 10 ppt and 30. 98±0. 07 (g) in 20 ppt. with increasing in water salinity other growth factors of rainbow trout including (daily growth rate، specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency) decreased (P<0. 05). At salinity above 20 ppt significant mortality occurred compared to control group (P<0. 05). Also plasma level of cortisol was increased from 5. 97±0. 78 to 5. 95±0. 14 in freshwater (control)، 12. 50±0. 25 in 10 ppt and 13. 92±0. 12 (mOsmol/kg) in 20 ppt at the end of culture period. with increasing in salinity، the Hormones including، tri- iodo thyronin (T3)، and thyroxine [Tetra – iodo – thyronin (T4)] increased (P<0. 05). Based on the results obtained rainbow trout is a semi euryhaline species and it is possible to grow the rainbow trout fingerlings of about 12 g at the salinity up to 20 ppt، although the growth rate of the fish is less than that in the fresh water.