نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

The relationship between oral diseases and adverse outcomes of pregnancy demands more attention to oral hygiene for pregnant women. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of educational programs based on the theory of planned behavior to improving the oral health behavior of pregnant women attending urban health facilities Ashkhaneh city in 2013.

This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 150 pregnant women, selected with simple sampling.( 75 females of each site). Data were collected using a researcher desingend questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated. Data was analyzed by SPSS18 software at significance level of 0.05.

The most frequent samples aged between 21-25 years old. Before the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, behavioral intention and performance of the intervention and control groups showed no significant difference (p>0/05). After the intervention, the average of all the scores in the intervention group showed an increase except for subjective constructions after training (p<0/05). This difference was not significant in the control group (p> 0/05).

Using the theory of planned behavior improves oral health in the pregnant women.

Changes in life styles and different eating habits of communities، increasing in life expectancy and mean life time، have increased incidence of cancer in populations. According to the latest statistical and epidemiological studies in Iran، cancer is the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and accidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Epidemiologic distribution of cancer in North Khorasan Province.

This was a retrospective study that the information about the cases were collected from hospital records and pathology centers of Bojnurd، from April 2003 to March 2012. Duplicated data were excluded. Type and location of cancer was coded according to the international cancer classification system (ICD-O) and was put into SPSS software.

At last، 2310 new cases were examined in this study، that %58/1 of them were men and %41/9 of them were women (M: F = 1. 4). There was a total numberof2310 male and female cases without secondary cancer (metastatic). The occurrence of cancer in 2013 in North Khorasan Province was 94. 5per 100000 person and the most common cancer in both sexes were skin، esophagus ands to mach and most common cancers in men were skin، stomach، esophagus، and in women were skin، breast، esophagus cancer.

As respects to the multiple pathology centers in Bojnurd and other cities of North Khorasan and optional sampling centers it is necessary for consistency of registration of the cancer patients to make policies towards the detailed cancers records (area and cancers coding) and to provide additional research to identify common risk factors of cancers.

Harmaline is one of the beta carboline of Peganumharmal. Harmaline and other carbolines are inverse agonists for benzodiazepine receptors with many inverse effects of benzodiazepines including anxiety and CNS excitement. The aim of this study is the effect of harmaline on seizure- induced by amygdala kindling in rats.

in this experimental study, eighteen kindled wistar rats (3 groups) were injected intraperitoneally with saline and on the following day, with Harmaline (50, 25, 12.5 mg/kg). After discharge duration (ADD), stage 5 duration (S5D), stage 2 latency (S2L) and stage 4 latency (S4L) of seizures were recorded and compared with those of the saline groups.

Harmaline reduced S2L and S4L in 3 groups, and increased ADD and S5D not significantly but increased ADD only in group 15 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05).

The obtained results revealed that harmaline has proconvulsant effect and maybe via stimulation of excitatory pathways or blocking of inhibitory pathways, or any other excitatory mechanisms cause increase in neuron activity and firing.

Epididymoorchitis is relatively common disease that in addition to Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis and Escherichia coli, Brucella must be considered as an etiologic factor especially in endemic area. The aim of current study is comparison of epidemiologic and clinical presentation of brucella epididymoorchitis with nonbrucella epididymoorchitis in Hamadan Province.

During this cross sectional study, 115 epididymoorchitis patients that were treated inpatient or outpatient, evaluated as 2 groups either brucella epididymoorchitis (group1= 38) or nonbrucella epididymoorchitis (group 2 = 77) during 6 years.

There were not seen statistical differences in mean age, marital status, side of involvement, occupational exposure, and the illness occurrence season between the groups. Brucella epididymoorchitis were seen more in rural living patients and nonbrucella epididymoorchitis in town living cases (p=0.02).

In brucellosis endemic areas such as Iran, urologists should be consider the likelihood of brucella epididymoorchitis especially in complex, recurrent, treatment resistant and occupational exposure patients with careful history, physical examination and laboratory evaluation.

With increasing life expectancy, mean and median age of the population and the number and proportion of older people have increased. To plan for providing services to this population, access to accurate information is essential. The present study describes assessing physical and mental health status elderly in Kerman city that will provide appropriate evidences for planners.

This was a cross-sectional study in which 400 elderly people were questioned in Kerman. Data collection was performed by standard questionnaires(ADL, SF36, Kessler-K6 and Yeild questionnaire). To analyze the data we used SPSS17 software, and statistical tests such as chi square, T test, and one way ANOVA were applied.

More than half of the elderly had problems with depression and anxiety disorders. In psychological wellbeing, Loneliness was the most common complain of old people. The activities of daily living were found to be without any dependence in 56% of population and 30% with relative dependence and 14% with complete dependence. Also on Physical Performance 22% of elderly had severe restrictions, 35.2% had moderate restrictions and 36.2% had Low restrictions.

there are many problems for elderly. Therefore, more efforts are essential to modify these effects in order to protect their independence.

sinusitis is a common upper respiratory tract infection and antibiotics almost always are selected empirically based on sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial agents. Finding alternative agents with herbal origin to broad spectrum antibiotics for treatment of sinusitis could be a valuable and safe therapeutic method. Viola Odorata contains some anti-microbial agents which can open a new horizon for controlling and treating microbial infections of upper respiratory tract.

The herb which was collected from north Khorasan province was macerated and water and methanolic extracts were obtained. The antibacterial potency was evaluated by disc and well diffusion method.

for water extract, Inhibition zone of Staphylococcus epidermidis in well and disc diffusion method were (11 &12 millimeters) respectively. For methanol extract were (13 &15 mm) respectively. Also inhibition zone of Staphylococcus eureous was (11 &12 mm) with water extract and (11 & 13 mm) in methanol extract. Two extract didn’t have any effect on Entrobacter aeroginosa.

as it can be seen, water extracts have the smallest inhibition zone, so it can be concluded that these extracts do not contain strong antimicrobial factors. On the other hand methanolic extracts with large inhibition zones should have effective and strong antimicrobial agents.

Despite the serious effects of smoking, about 25 to 30% of women interest to smoke during pregnancy. Nicotine interfere the developmental process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the maternal nicotine effects on fibronectine expressions in newborn kidney extracellular matrix.

eighteen pregnant mice were used for this study that followed to the E6 day. To mice in experimental group 3mg/kg /day nicotine and to ones in control 3ml/kg/day normal saline administrated intraperitoneally. On the first day of delivery the left Neonatal kidney tissue was used for Immunohistochemistry(IHC) examination and right kidney for RT-PCR test.

THE IHC results that analyzing with kruskal walis showed fibronectine accumulated significantly in glomerule and proximal convoluted tubule matrix in mice received nicotine(P<0.05). The RT-PCR results proved this finding.

Nicotine induces the production of Fibronectin in kidney extracellular matrix that reduce the Possibility of Glomerular filtration rate and glomerular sclerosis.

Immunization is one of the existing methods for infectious diseases prevention that its short-term goal is to curb human disease in individuals and its ultimate goal is eradicating the disease. As regards there is not accurate statistics about the incidence of vaccine side effects in Bojnurd, so data gathering about the incidence of vaccine side effects can be useful for planning health promotion.

In this prospective cohort study, 570 children were selected in Bojnurd by stratified random sampling method. Their demographic and knowledge data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. The inclusion criteria of the study was subjects aged 2 to 18 months, and DPT and MMR vaccine and physical health. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and presented with descriptive and analytic statistic.

50% of children who had received DTP vaccine and 20% of children who had received MMR vaccine, showed at least one side effect. The most Local side effect was Pain at the injection site (44%) and the most general side effect was mild to moderate fever (18%). There were no cases with other side effects such as fever, lymphadenitis, tension, shock. One case with sterile abscess was only observed.

To date serious side effects of MMR and DTP vaccines have been less reported. Side effects are usually mild and temporary and the major part of these adverse effects disappeared without medication, but rare and dangerous ones may occur. Therefore, a careful follow-up program and registration is recommended to report vaccination side effects.

Head lice infestation also known as Pediculosis capitis is one of the common diseases in children. Head lice are obligate blood-feeding human ectoparasite that is one of the public health problems in spite health promotion and medical sciences progress. Infestation observed worldwide but overcrowded living conditions, poverty and lack of hygiene can be associated to head lice prevalence. Head lice infestation causes not only physical symptoms but also psychological effects and social pressures. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate and epidemiological factors related to Pediculosis capitis infestation among elementary students in the city of Bojnurd, north east of Iran.

The study was conducted from January to March 2013 in all elementary schools of Bojnurd city, North Khorasan province, Iran and used systematic random sampling. Totally 1475 students between 6-14 years old were examined. Students in the schools were examined by trained and experienced researchers under the supervision of medical entomologist. The diagnosis of pediculosis was confirmed by presence of egg, nymph or adult lice. A special questionnaire was completed for students. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version16 using chi-square and proper statistical tests.

Infestation was determined 7.7%. Females showed significantly greater infestation(12.4%) than male (2.9%). There was a significant relationship between head lice infestation and sex, family size, number of rooms, bathing facilities in the home, shared use of personal belongings, hair length, presence of health teacher, frequency use of comb and finally use of scarf in room in females (P<0.05).

The prevalence of pediculosis in elementary schools in Bojnurd is an important public health problem especially in female's schools. Collaborative and participation efforts among physicians, health teachers, and parents are necessary to maintain effective epidemiological surveillance and provide treatment

The issue of increase in population, change in people's habits, accompanied with imitating consuming pattern has caused increase in the amount of produced rubbish. The main goal of this study is to find a suitable place to bury urban wastes in Bojnurd by comparing AHP and WLC methods using GIS system.

Primarily the effective factors in locating a place for burying Bojnurd waste were put into consideration. Then by digitizing and weighting layers based on available standards and inserting the mentioned layers to Arc GIS software environment and creating database, performing and comparing the models, decision making and finally by scoring and analyzing the parameters of AHP and WLC models, the best place was chosen to bury urban waste.

Considering the scores given to locating parameters of waste removal, in AHP method in the preliminary stage by choosing four locations in Northeast, Southwest and Southeast of Bojnurd and in WLC method by choosing two locations in Northeast and North- west were chosen as suggested locations to bury urban wastes.

Since AHP method has a more power for decision making in locating urban wastes and by choosing four locations and introducing location A measuring 3800 acres and receiving 140 tons rubbish in every day for 20 years was chosen as the best location for burying Bojnurd urban wastes compared to WLC method.

asphyxia increases Infant mortality rate and it can cause serious complications and long-term disability condition. Therefore this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of birth asphyxia.

In this case-control study, newborns of Bint al-Huda hospital in Bojnurd in 2012 were studied in terms of Asphyxia by census. With equal number of newborns with asphyxia (75 cases), control cases (75 controls) that had not Asphyxia were selected with Systematic sampling. The information was collected from the records and interviews with mothers by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS18 statistical software with independent t-tests and chi-square.

The incidence of asphyxia in this study were determined 2.1% (75 cases) and relationship between maternal height (p =0.01), the use of suction (p =0.04), the proportion of embryos with maternal pelvis (p =0.02), delayed delivery (p =0.01), cord compression (p =0.03), postpartum hemorrhage (p =0.01) and the delivery of foot (p =0.03) with asphyxia were statistically significant. The relationship between maternal age, birth weight, mother’s parity old, gender, delivery type, preterm delivery, heart disease and maternal diabetes with asphyxia was not observed.

Considering the high prevalence of asphyxia in this study, and its serious complications, control and management of affecting factors on asphyxia should be among the priorities of the health care system.

Presence of high concentration of sulfate in water as a chemical pollutant can cause various health problems such as diarrhea, taste, and odor. The sulfate could have adverse effect on industrial wastewater treatment such as anaerobic processes. Furthermore, sulfate is the main cause of pipes corrosion in water and wastewater systems. In this study, electro-coagulation process is considered as an environmentally friendly and high-performance process for the removal of sulfate from aqueous solutions.

In this experimental study, the electrocoagulation process was applied for sulfate removal from synthetic wastewater. The effect of various variables including contact time, the solution pH, initial concentration of sulfate, current density, and economic evaluation based on energy expenditure in Iran and the European countries have been evaluated. Turbidimetry method and combined sampling were utilized for determination of sulfate residual.

Results of this study showed that the efficiency of the system could be promoted by increasing the contact time, initial pH of the solution, and the applied current density. However, the efficiency of electro-coagulation process has decreased, when higher level of sulfate ions was presented in the aqueous phase.

The results of this study indicate that electro-coagulation process could be applied for the removal of sulfate from aqueous solution with a high efficiency.

Since nursing students cannot avoid stressors in clinical setting, supporting and guiding students to reduce stress is a priority for nursing educators. This study aimed to investigate stress and coping strategies in clinical education of nursing students of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences in 2013.

This was an analytical cross-sectional study. Study population was 81nursing students. Data was collected using the questionnaires, including demographic, occupational stress, and coping with stressful situations. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Of 81 participants, 30.9% (25 students) were male, and 69.1% (56 students) female. Based on existing domains, 30.9% were grouped in problem- solving, 18.5% in excitement-based, 4.9% in avoidance, 13.6% in distraction, 24.7% in social engagement. The mean of stress level was 2.94±0.35. The greatest sources of stress were biological agents (38.3%) and workload (14.8%). The Pearson correlation test showed a direct relationship between occupational stress and excitement in coping strategies (r=0.244, p=0.028).

Our findings indicated that nursing students experience a moderate level of clinical setting. Problem oriented style was the dominant strategy among nursing students in coping with stress, and avoidance had minimal application. The findings of this study have a considerable impact to determine the needs of students and enhance learning in clinical settings.

In chronic disease, hope is an important and multidimensional coping mechanism. Hopelessness and depression is a common consequence in chronic renal failure patients. Because of high incidence of social and mental disorders in these patients and their caregivers, the aim of this study was to determine the hope of hemodialysis patients and their caregivers.

In this comparison – descriptive, cross-sectional study, patients and their caregivers were selected through convenience sampling method. For data gathering, we used Herth Hope Index. For data analysis, statistical tests such as Chi-square, independent t-test were performed using SPSS v17.

62 patients and 63 caregivers were included into the study. The mean of hope in two groups had no significant differences. 17.7% Patients and 1.6% caregivers had moderate hope and 3.2% of patients were at high levels of hope, but none of the caregivers had high level of hope. Differences between two groups in the levels of hope (classified hope) was significant (p=0.001).

Findings show that caregivers had lower level of hope than their patients and this represents a high stress and possibly depression in caregivers as a result of the disease in one of their family members. Our results underline the need for protection and rehabilitation programs in addition to treatment for patients with chronic diseases and their caregivers.

Excessive consumption of fats and carbohydrates are the main causes of obesity and tooth decay. Results of previous studies on the relationship between body mass index and tooth decay is different and somewhat inconsistent. The main aim of this study was to examine the association between body mass index and dental caries in 14 year old students in Bojnurd, Iran.

The design of study was cross-sectional. A random sample of 298 children (160 boys and 138 girls) aged 14 years was examined for dental caries using WHO standard diagnostic criteria. Decayed, missing and filled of permanent teeth (DMFT) were recorded. The children’s weight and height were measured and their BMI were calculated. Data was analyzed by chi- square, t-student, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS19 software.

The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth score of the study population was 2.68 ± 2.4. In subjects, 27% of the children were underweight and 4.2% were obese.There were no significant differences in the DMFT score of carious children among different BMI groups.

Results of this study showed there was no statistically significant difference between BMI and DMFT. This research showed that probably BMI and DMFT are separate phenomena.

Now TB is one of the lethal infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of latent Tuberculosis in health care workers in hospitals of Mashhad.

This study was a prospective descriptive- analytic that performed in 2011, in health care workers in hospitals of Mashhad. Samples were selected according to age, occupation activity in the infections and others wards. Samples with history of TB or close contact with TB patients outside of hospital were excluded. Collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS software.

476 care workers were studied. 53.8% case were male and 17.9% work in infectious unit. 256 people were Negative PPD. 39 people were working in infections ward and 217 were working in others ward. 149 people had 5-9mm PPD in duration that 35 people were working in infections ward and 114 people were working in others ward. 71people had PPD≥10mm, 11 people were working in infections ward and 60 people were working in others ward. There was not found significant level of difference between PPD induration of infection wards care workers in comparison with other wards (P =0/255).

In this study positive PPD test was 12.95% in infections ward health care workers and 15.36% in other wards that difference was not significant. In endemic regions such as Iran, working in hospital and close contact with TB patients would not be the sole determinant and there might be the risk of contamination during working and daily activities in community. Therefore such insignificant difference between health workers and community would be reasonable

Increasing rate of elderly population and pursuant increase in infectious disease in senile, underline the importance of infectious disease in this group. The goal of this study is evaluate one of the critical manifestation of infectious disease in senile inclusively fever and impaired consciousness.

this study was a prospective descriptive- analytic that performed in 2013. In all 1464 hospitalized patients in infectious disease and neurologic disease units, 464 patients (31.69%) were senile. Patients, who have temperature above 37.8 ̊c, were assessed. In final, 80 senile patients with primary diagnosis of fever and decreased level of consciousness, included to the study. The assessment of clinical status was performed concurrent hospitalization and 24 hours after that. The collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS software.

80 patients were eligible with including criteria, 53 patients were male. The most common infections led to impaired consciousness and fever included pneumonia, urinary infections, sepsis with uncertain zone and abdominal infections, respectively. The highest and lowest mortality rate was related to pneumonia (35.5%) and urinary infections (12.5%), respectively.

Given that to the results of this study, infectious diseases in elderly patients demand more attention. Elderly with fever and impaired consciousness, who recovered during early hours of hospitalization, had better prognosis. Therefore decrease of fever, serum therapy and correction of primary metabolic disorder should be noticed.

Caesarean section is the most common gynecologic surgery. The prevalence of cesarean section has increased in recent years. The Purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with cesarean delivery, compared with natural delivery at the Bent-olhoda hospital in Bojnurd.

This study is a Case-Control study which was done on 200 mothers admitted on Bent-olhoda hospital in Bojnurd. The data were collected through a questionnaire after delivery. the data were analyzed by SPSS19 software and presented with descriptive statistics, chi-square and independent t-test.

Previous cesarean (29%), Berich (18%), lack of progression and maconial (both: 14%) were the most common clinical causes for cesarean section. Cesarean sections were more prevalent in employed and older mothers, significantly. Natural mothers were more concerned about the consequences of their labor (pain and genital changes) compared with cesarean mothers. Significantly, Husbands, families and friends had encouraged mothers to do vaginal delivery (p<0.05).

We recommend that identified factors in this survey, can be applied to propagation of natural delivery; and in order to health reform plan in Iran.

Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with neural abnormalities and corresponding cognitive deficits, including impairment in prospective memory and executive functions. This study evaluated the hypothesis that MA use is associated with impairment in memory for intentions, or prospective memory and working memory.

Twenty MA-dependent individuals, 20 detoxified MA patients and 20 demographically similar non-MA-using comparison subjects were administered the questionnaire for the subjective assessment of the prospective memory task and assignment reminder phone calls and personal belongings test. For assessment of working memory, span subtest of the Wechsler memory scale was used.

Results showed that the dependent and detoxified MA groups performed significantly lower than the comparison participants on overall prospective memory and working memory tasks.

Findings suggest that individuals with MA dependence experience difficulty in the strategic components involved in the retrieval of future intentions and MA detoxified group were improved somewhat on cognitive functions in this regard.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in" normal" human testis and in testis with azoospermia and their possible relationship with testicular tissue.

In this case-control study, testicular biopsies were obtained from 10 men with obstructive azoospermia (Group1= OA) and 10 men with non-obstructive azoospermia (Group2=NO) and 7 men with normospermia(Group 3=control) who were attended to infertility center for diagnosis or infertility treatment. Immunohitochemistry was used to localize of the isoform of eNOS. In addition, the histopathological evaluation was examined in these three groups.

Histopathological examination of the testis revealed no difference between normal and obstructive groups. Different histopathological appearances were observed in non-obstructive azoospermic group. The eNOS protein was localized in the cytoplasm of sertoli and leydig cells in three groups. Except from normal germ cells, the rest of germ cells including (immature spermatids, abnormal germ cells and germ cells with picknotic neuclei) showed positive immunosatining. The expression of eNOS in non-obstructive group was significantly higher than others (P 0.001). In contrast, immature spermatids and abnormal germ cells in three groups were the same.

various expression of eNOS in several types of testicular tissue suggest that elevated eNOS localization could play important role in abnormal spermatogenesis and germ cell apoptosis.

It is estimated that distressing anxiety affects as many as 20% of youth. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of a Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in the male and female students.

This study was of a correlational type. The participants were 831students (234 boysand597girls) selected through a multistage-cluster random sampling among the students in elementary, middle and high school in the city of Najaf Abad. The scale administrated in this study was: Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC).Cronbach and test-re test reliability was calculated to examine the reliability of the (MASC) inventory and to check the validity of the Scale confirmatory factor analysis was used.

The calculated α for the MASC inventory was 0.70, 0.69, 0.57, 0.64 for Physical Symptoms, Social Anxiety and Separation Anxiety dimensions respectively and 0.79 for the whole questionnaire.Using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)confirmed the four-factor structure.

Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) to measure anxiety symptoms in children appears to be satisfactory, and a useful screening tool to identify children with anxiety.

Patient safety is one issue that has always been considered as an important principle by experts in health systems. Given that one the main unite of work in a hospital operating room is directly related to the health and safety of patient, so in this case is of special importance. This study aims to assess status safety in the operating room in the hospitals of Bojnurd.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 77 managers, supervisors and personnel operating room in 4 hospitals of Bojnurd in 2014. Data collection tool was friendly hospital patient safety questionnaire of world health organization. Collected Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The meaningful level of p value was considered less than 0.05.

According to the results of this study Imam Ali hospital in terms of overall safety with the average 0/68±0/12 and Social Security hospital with a mean and standard deviation 0/65±0/21 has the immune status average, Bent -Alhoda hospital with mean and standard deviation 0/75±0/16 and military hospital with mean and standard deviation 0/76±0/14 have a good safety situation. Collectively 4 hospitals with mean and standard deviation 0/70±0/15 had a good safety situation.

The results showed that hospitals of Bojnurd regarding their scores of safety in the operating room are in good status.

Leukemia is considered one of the leading causes of death among children which is abnormal changes in the blood cells and bone marrow with increased numbers of abnormal blood cells and uncontrolled proliferation of immature white blood cells. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors in the development of leukemia in children less than 14 years.

In this case-control study, case group was including all less than 14 years children with acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoid during 2006 to 2011 in Amir-Kabir Hospital and control group was randomly selected from children under 14 years admitted to outpatient departments in Valiaser (aj) hospital in Arak. The data were included in a check list. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS version 20 and p<0.05 was considered as a significant level.

Out of the 72 cases, 46% were female and 54% male and mean age at diagnosis was 6.8±3.8 years. 81.9 percent of patients were ALL case and 18.1 percent were diagnosed with AML. Limb pain (65%), pallor (5/32%) and lethargy (30%) were the most common symptoms of the disease. Based on the results, age, breast feeding, white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin were significantly associated with leukemia.

The study findings showed that older age, low breast-feeding, the number of white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin are associated with the risk of leukemia in children is therefore recommended further diagnostic procedures should focus on these groups.

one of the important factors in water quality control is corrosion and scale-forming potential. Scaling in pipes can cause sedimentation and reduction of water flow in pipes. As a result, more energy is required for water conveying. The aim of this study was evaluation of chemical quality about corrosiveness and scaling of drinking water in Bojnurd water distribution network. Methods and materials: this cross-sectional study was conducted in winter of 2012 and spring 2012. 30 samples were picked randomly from public water network taps. In order to determine the saturation indices, all samples were analyzed for various parameters. Three indices including Langelier saturation index (LSI), Ryznar saturation index (RSI) and Puckorius index (PI) were determined.

according to Langelier, Ryznar and Puckorius indices 93.3, 40 and 86.7 percent of samples were scale forming respectively. The results of this study showed that there is significant different between average Ryznar, Langelier and Puckorius in first and average Langelier, Ryznar and Puckorius in second step.

based on obtained results, water of distribution network in Bojnourd is relative According to our results, water of distribution network in Bojnurd is relative scaling. Water scale-forming can cause reduction the pipe diameter, reduction flow rate, and economical damages. It is recommended to prevent these problems, take control measures to prevent sedimentation.

Obesity is the most important nutrition - health problem of adolescents in developed countries, and the role of dietary habits and associated factors in nutritional disease is undeniable. Furthermore, weight gain especially in adolescence is associated with negative attitudes to own their. This study examined the relationship between food habits with body mass index and fat distribution in high school girls in Bojnurd.

This cross -sectional study was conducted on 250 high school girls in 2012. Multi-stage sampling was carried out and data sheet and eating habits questionnaire was used as a means of collecting data. BMI (body mass index) and fat mass index were also measured by standard methods. Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS package (version 16).

The results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight were 3.2 and 12%, respectively. 43 obese individuals (17.1%) had abdominal obesity. A significant positive correlation was found between BMI and fat mass index (p<0.0001). Average intake of fat and energy in overweight and obese were significantly higher than underweight and normal weight ones (p<0.05). The relation between dietary habits and levels of parental education and income were significant (p<0.05)

High intake of fat and energy was associated with BMI and fat mass index in high school girls. Accordingly, the inclusion of nutrition education programs and presenting the correct pattern of food consumption can be strategies for health promotion.

Inattention to management of medical wastes has environmental, occupational and public health hazards. Therefore this study aimed to determine the amount of hospital waste generated and status of waste management in hospitals of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences in 2013 and to give a suitable framework for improving waste management practices.

This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed in 6 active hospitals of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was achieved in summer and autumn 2013 for 2 days in each season and by means of laboratory scale were measured. Data were collected using a checklist of environmental health protection of IRAN and for data analysis, SPSS18 (mean ± SD) and Excel software were used.

The average of total quantity of waste produced in all hospitals was about 1360 kg/day comprised of 56.54% of infectious waste, 41.49% general waste, 1.82% sharps waste and 0.15% chemical waste. Medical waste generation rate for total, general, infectious, sharp and chemical wastes were 2.64±1.31, 1.085±0.74, 1.493±0.65, 0.049±0.028 and 0.010±0.025 kg/bed-day, respectively. According to completed checklist of hospital waste management, 33.3% of studied hospitals were favorite, 50% tolerable and 16.7% unfavorable.

According to this study, infectious wastes are the most generated waste. In order to reduce the amount of them, action should be taken to deal with pollutants at their source of generation and labeling, which could reduce the costs of hospital waste management and giving more accurate statistics. Effective segregation at the source, appropriate collection methods, safe storage and transportation of waste and control of waste disposal are recommended.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a water soluble chemical agent used in different sciences and industries. In medicine, it is used for cadaver and tissue fixation, disinfection and sterilization procedures. Formaldehyde causes structural and functional changes in liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of vitamin C on histological and biochemical changes of formaldehyde-induced chronic of liver in male Rats.

A total of 24 male wistar-albino rats were divided into three equal groups: control [0.9% NaCl alone, intraperitonealy (ip)], group 1[37%FA, 10 mg/kg,ip] and group 2 [vitamin C,100 mg/kg, ip+FA]. After 10days, all animals were anaesthetized and blood serum were collected and frozen (-20 ºC) for biochemical analysis. After cervical dislocation, the liver tissue samples were taken in order to be processed for light microscopy.

Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in rats treated with vitamin C plus formaldehyde were lower than the FA treated group. Light microscopic evaluation of liver tissue samples of formaldehyde-exposed rats revealed enlarged sinusoids filled with blood and mononuclear cell infiltration in the portal areas and around the central veins. The rats treated with vitamin C plus formaldehyde had fewer histological changes rather than formaldehyde treated group.

Our results suggest that vitamin C may be useful to protect against formaldehyde-induced liver injury.

Verbascum cheiranthifolium is one of useful medicinal plant in Iranian traditional medicine that has many therapeutic effects including pain killer in stomachache, treatment of colds and bronchitis, antipyretic, migraine and antihemorrhoid. As mountaineer and people may use from extract of this plant, this study was undertaken to determine probable teratogenicity of aqueous extract of aerial part of Verbascum cheiranthifolium in mouse embryo.

In this experimental study, 50 adult female mice after mating and observation of vaginal plug, divided into 5 groups (control, phenytoin, and 3 treatments by 2.25,3 and 3.75 mg/kg dose of extract). All groups received aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium at days 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 of pregnancy intraperitoneally.Finally at the day of 18 of pregnancy, all embryos were removed by caesarian section and analyzed from aspect of viable, dead or reabsorption status. Furthermore, weight and CRL of fetuses were analyzed by caliper and digital balance. Using the technique of alizarin red – alcian blue double staining, macroscopic abnormalities of the skeleton were investigated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square.

Fetuses of treatment groups received aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium, showed significant decrease in CRL and weight. Different skeletal anomalies appeared in fetuses including polydactyly, extra rib, conjoined ribs, scoliosis, spina bifida, palate cleft and imperfect skull ossification.

Based on clear teratogenic effects of aqueous extract of Verbascum cheiranthifolium in mouse embryo from aspect of growth retardation and inducing skeletal anomalies, it seems usage of this medicinal plant in pregnant women should be avoided.

Drug abuse is one of the most tragic disasters which happen to the humanity and there is little hope of success unless these programs designed based on researches. The aim of this review is to assess different articles and identifying factors of addiction treatment and then adapting them to health education models construct.

By searching in Google Scholar keywords such as“Addiction, Treatment, Maintenance, Factors”, cross-sectional studies which were published in Elsevier, science direct, external and internal valid scientific sites (mostly specific and related to addiction) were chosen. These cross-sectional studies had greater sample size and more citations than the others and finally 23 articles (13 internal, 10 external) were evaluated and used.

After a review of the articles, 27 factors and motivations were associated with action and continuity of abandonment. Including: negative attitudes to consumption, external pressures, for children and parents, the family's insistence, the consequences of abuse, fear of legal troubles, humiliation, and loss of job, saving family communications, family support. The cases were classified in different constract.

Factors related to addiction treatment concern with constructs of health education different models such as some health belief model constructs and theory plan behavior and also perceived social support were conformed. It is possible to achieve an independent model by investigating these constructs.

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague is a Gram negative rod belonging to family of Entrobacteriaceae. CDC has categorized the organism as a priority A biological agent because of its high morbidity and mortality and easy distribution through infective respiratory droplets. We conducted a comprehensive study for the conventional, molecular and modern diagnostic methods of the organism. Biological safety, cultivation and detection assays are the main parts of the present paper. Y.pestis can be recognized in the laboratory by bacteriologic, serologic and molecular methods. Currently, there are various homemade and commercially molecular methods to apply in the clinical laboratories. Culture based methods to detect Yersinia pestis are laborious and time consuming. The molecular methods are rapid, accurate and reliable, so they have high potential to apply in clinical laboratories.

Situs inversus or situs transversus is a rare congenital condition in which thorax and abdominal organs are positioned in a transverse manner, as in front of a mirror. Its prevalence is less than one in 10,000 of general population. This paper is intended to report one such case in a 10-year-old student.

During the implementation of a school health program, the cardiac auscultation of a 10-year-old male student on the left chest was inaudible. Louder heart sounds on the right side, suspected early diagnosis of Dextrocardia and/or Situs inversus. With Chest x-ray and abdominal sonography confirmed the initial diagnosis.

Situs Inversus with dextrocardia, usually with transposition of the great vessels is a rare heart condition. However, most affected individuals have a good prognosis and can still live normally. Congenital cardiac anomalies occur only in 3-5% of cases. In the reported case, there was no medical problem despite a closer examination. Inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, situs inversus occurs in men and women equally. Inverted anatomical condition and the atypical history of situs inversus make the early diagnosis difficult in these patients. Obtaining an accurate patient history and performing precise clinical examinations and relining on imaging techniques in traumatic patients can reduce medical errors in treating such rare cases.