International Journal of Women’s Health and Reproduction Sciences
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Winter 2014

The problem of formulating the concept and definition of the essence of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is one of the important in the study of this condition. The accumulation of a large number of scientific facts that characterize the current stage of development of medicine requires a more careful attention to the methodological aspects in theoretical and practical issues.Conceptual system – is an important part of scientific research. The meaning and definition of the scientific study is difficult to overestimate, it is in them aspects of reality are reflected in the abstract summary form. Such important categories as logical judgment, reasoning, cannot be determined without definition, the laws of logic and logical methods of scientific research: the definition, the proof of the axioms, assumptions, there can be a causal connection between the phenomena cannot be applied.The basic attention is given to methodological aspects of a problem of an intraabdominal hypertension at pregnancy in this article. The informal-logic analysis of the conceptual device, available classifications of an intraabdominal hypertension is carried out; own definition and classification are offered.

To evaluate the female factors in infertility using laparoscopy in Kashmiri women. One hundred cases of infertility [primary and secondary] were included in this prospective study. Before the procedure, apart from complete history and detailed examination, baseline investigations (complete blood count, blood sugar, kidney and liver function tests, ECG, chest X-ray) were performed as per our institutional protocol for pre-anaesthesia check up. Laparoscopy was done in proliferative phase of menstrual cycle. To test the patency of tubes, chromotubation was done in all cases under laparoscopic vision by using 10-15 ml of autoclaved methylene blue dye. All the data was collected on pre-designed proforma and the results were tabulated and raw percentages calculated to describe the results. In primary infertility group [n=82], most common laparoscopic finding was tubal occlusion in 15 (18.3%), followed by endometriotic deposits in 14 (17.1%) patients. Other findings were polycystic ovaries in 10 patients (12.2%), peritubal and periovarian adhesions in 6 patients (7.3%), fibroids in 6 patients (7.3%), genital tract tuberculosis in 5 patients (6.1%), ovarian cysts in 4 patients (4.8%), hypoplastic uterus in 2 patients (2.4%) and pelvic inflammatory diseases in 2 patients (2.4%), in this group. The commonest finding by laparoscopy in patients with secondary infertility [n=18] was tubal occlusion in 5 (27.7%), followed by peritubal and periovarian adhesions in 4 (22.2%) patients. laparoscopy is very effective and cheap method in evaluating infertile women and should be considered earlier in infertility workup for effective and early treatment decisions.

Endometrial biopsy is necessary for diagnosing the reason of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women. Currently outpatient endometrial biopsy is used for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding which is associated with moderate to severe pain. Using lidocaine is one of the procedures which is used for pain relief while biopsy. This study is aimed at comparing the effect of different local anesthesia procedures on pain relief during endometrial biopsy. In this randomized clinical trial, 160 multiparous 40-55 years old women with AUB (Abnormal Uterine Bleeding), candidates for endometrial biopsy, were randomly assigned into four equal groups, to receive: 1-intrauterine lidocaine; 2-cervical spray lidocaine; 3- intrauterine lidocaine plus cervical spray lidocaine; or 4-intrauterine distilled water. Pain relief was measured at 3 different times: during endometrial biopsy, just after and 15 minutes after biopsy. Pain intensity was reduced significantly at different times in intrauterine lidocaine and intrauterine lidocaine with cervical spray lidocaine receivers in compare with the groups which received cervical spray lidocaine and distilled water. The mean of difference pain relief during biopsy and 15 minutes after that was reduced significantly in the group which received intrauterine lidocaine and intrauterine lidocaine with cervical spray lidocaine in comparison with the other two groups. Intrauterine lidocaine was effective during endometrial biopsy, and using it with cervical spray lidocaine had no more beneficial effect.

Blood transferred disease is one of the great difficulties for human and it is counted as one of the serious problems of public health. Although health care is valuable, it has some risks such as contacting with various pathogens, especially blood transferred pathogens, so the aim of this study is to observe the safety precautions against blood-borne infections by delivery agents in therapeutic and training hospitals of Tabriz in 2012. This study is a descriptive research and all of the participants were the childbirth agents in 3 hospital of Tabriz (Alzahra, Taleghani, 29 Bahman). All of sample size was 100 persons. After obtaining informed consent, the questionnaires which contain demographic information and 24 statements that they were related to observance of safety points against blood transferred infections in childbirth rooms were given to participants to complete. The data were analyzed with SPSS software (Ver. 13). Results showed that the rate of total observance of safety precautions against blood transmitted diseases was good in 54% of delivery agents and in 46% of them was average. Observing safety precautions against blood transmitted diseases needs motivation, effective education and necessary, that all of them should be in priority of health care planning by relevant authorities to reduce contaminated individuals and the costs of their treatment.

This is a preliminary study investigating the efficacy of aromatase inhibitor letrozol on endometrial histology in patients with disordered proliferative endometrium or simple hyperplasia. In a randomized clinical trial, 92 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding who had disordered proliferative endometrium or simple hyperplasia in endometrial biopsy, were randomized into case and control groups. patients received 2.5 mg of letrozole daily in case group (n=46) and 40 mg of megestrol acetate daily in control group (n=46) for 3 months. Endometrial biopsy was performed 3 to 4 weeks after completion of therapy to assess response. After intervention in letrozole group, response to treatment was seen in 93% cases (including endometrial atrophy in 58.7% cases and weakly proliferative endometrium in 34.78% cases) and in megestrol group response to treatment was seen in 85% cases (including endometrial atrophy in 41.3% cases and weakly proliferative endometrium in 43.47% cases). The difference between two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.31). The results of this study show that pre and post menopausal women with disordered proliferative endometrium or simple hyperplasia can be successfully treated with letrozole alone. However, due to the lack of significant difference between the two groups, further studies with larger sample size is recommended for better clearance of the topic.

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite, infectS a large proportion of the world population yearly. This study was investigated to evaluate the remedial effects of allium cepa on testis degeneration in male rats infected by T.gondii, RH strain. Wistar male rats (n=40) divided into control (n=10) and experimental (n=30) groups. The experimental groups were divided into two groups; allium cepa group (n=10) received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily and the toxoplasmose infected group (n =20) were subdivided into two groups of 10. One of the toxoplasma groups also received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily; however, control group just received distilled water. Animals were kept in a standard condition. On day 30 after inducing Toxoplasmosis infection, 5 ml blood sample of each rat was taken to measure serum protein and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. IgG and IgM were tested by the ELISA method. Testicular tissue of each Rat was removed and sperms were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Serum proteins and testis weight were significantly decreased in the T.gondii groups compared with the control and onion groups. Testis degeneration significantly increased in toxoplasmosis group compared with the control group (P<0.05). TAC level was significantly increased in the groups that received onion juice (P<0.05). This study showed T. gondii has diverse effects on serum proteins, TAC, and testis. Results confirmed fresh onion juice could significantly modify harmful effects and increase the sperm number, viability, and motility so it seems eating onion is useful in toxoplasmosis infection.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that infects a broad range of warm- blooded animals including human. Tachyzoites of T.gondii invade the host cell, replicate and finally lead to the lysis of the cell. T. gondii is associated with congenital infection and it can cause encephalitis, or systemic infection in immunocompromised patients. It is important to know whether the infection is recently acquired or is chronic. Differentiation between acute and chronic infection has a dramatic impact, especially for the developing fetus. In this study, Toxoplasma gondii was detected in acute phase of infection in serum sample of a person who had been accidentally infected with tachyzoites of RH strain in the laboratory. Anti- T.gondii IgG antibody was prepared by rabbit immunization with soluble antigen of tachyzoites of RH strain. Capture- ELISA, immunoblotting and PCR were performed in the laboratory. Antigenemia and parasitemia was detected in serum sample of infected person by capture_ELISA, immunoblotting and PCR techniques respectively. Acute T.gondii infection could be detectable in a short period of time in the sera of infected person.

The urachal cyst is a rare congenital anomaly due to a lack of apposition of sheets remains allantoid. Diagnosis is based on prenatal ultrasound. We report the case of an urachal cyst diagnosed in a female fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy which regressed spontaneously in the postnatal period. Comment: Mrs. CD, a 27 year-old consulted us as part of the regular monitoring of a normal course of pregnancy. At 32 weeks, ultrasounds showed an anechoic oval-shaped and well-limited image located above the upper pole of the bladder, below the insertion of the cord. Diameter was 12 mm and the image was connected to the baldder through a thin orifice. The umbilical ring appeared wide and connected to the abdominal collection by a 5 mm-channel. However, the skin surface was normal with no solution of continuity. On ultrasound at 37 weeks gestation (WG), the pelvic anechoic image kept the same features but the thin connection was no more visible. Vaginal delivery occurred at 40 GW and 5 days. Examination of the newborn found normal abdominal skin covering. By 12 months, ultrasounds found that the cyst completely disappeared. The permeable urachus is a progressive disease. Its development depends on the clinical form of its manifestation. Surgical treatment is often necessary, but spontaneous regression is possible for simple cysts until postnatal period.

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumors are rare neoplasms and almost exclusively seen in women. In this case report we present two cases of this entity with their clinicopathologic features. The first patient was a 32 years old unmarried woman presented with abdominal pain. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated a solid and thick walled ovarian mass m. 105* 70*80 mm. At laparotomy a large retroperitoneal mass with extention to pelvis, dome of urinary bladder and upper abdomen was found and omentum was involved by the tumor. Histopathological examination revealed a mucinous adenocarcinoma with mural nodule contained high-grade anaplastic carcinoma in retroperitoneal space. The second case was a 36 years old woman with retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma. The first case died of disease at first month of her diagnosis. Primary retroperitoneal mucinous tumors that containing anaplastic carcinoma or sarcomas are highly aggressive tumors with poor prognosis showing metastasis by high-grade component.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease that is produced by Echinococcus granulosus and still represents an important medical problem in many countries. Echinococcosis in extrahepatic sites is usually asymptomatic unless the cyst causes symptoms due to pressure, as in our case, or ruptures to the peritoneal cavity. Echinococcal cysts at unusual locations many times pose diagnostic dilemmas, and the diagnosis sometimes is made intraoperatively. Primary ovarian and paraovarian cyst hydatid disease is a very rare entity. In our case, a 25-year-old female gravida 1, para 1, was admitted to the emergency department of the Alzahra Hospital of Tabriz due to diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, abdominal distension and urinary frequency of ten-day duration and exacerbation of pain from a few hours before admission. Clinical examination revealed tachycardia of 105 per minute, normal body temperature and normal blood pressure. Abdominopelvic sonography revealed a mass with regular thick contour located in the left ovary suggestive of huge cystadenoma or carcinoma of the ovary.Emergent laparotomy was performed for suspected adnexal torsion. Intra operative findings were a large paraovarian mass with thick wall without any torsion. Mass was removed completely and sent for frozen section study. Pathological examination showed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst.The postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged 3 days later, with the advice to receive Albendazole. The patient referred to a general surgeon for management of the hepatic cysts.