فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1393)

Computer games kneed as one useful method to promote attention deficit. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of computer games via reverse engineering strategy on the level of attention in children with attention deficit. This study was queasy-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and with control group. The statistical population of this study was all male and female students in fourth until sixth grades with attention deficit disorder، who were referred to Ehya clinic in Mashhad city. From them، 30 students with attention deficit were selected by simple randomized sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 60 minutes training with computer games based on reverse engineering strategy، while the control group receive no training. All participants completed the SNAP-IV questionnaire and Raven''s IQ test. A ANCOVA statistical tests showed significant differences between experimental and control groups (p<0/05). In other word، computer games via reverse engineering strategy decrease symptoms of attention deficit. Based on research findings، children of experimental group have strange performance in attention compared to control group. Therefore، it would be better for responsible people to prepare programs to improve attention performance in such children.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group emotion regulation training based on process Gross model of Gross on behavioral and cognitive inhibition of female adolescent with Borderline syndrome of personality disorder and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In the context by means of a pre-test، post-test، quasi-experimental design with control group، 40 girl Students in the age range of 15-17 were selected by using multistage sampling، SNAP-IV scale and Borderline personality inventory (BPI)، diagnostic interviews applied for screening and diagnostic interviews، and were assigned in 2 experimental and 2 control groups (4 groups with 10 members in each) and Stroop and Go/ No Go test were conducted to measures of inhibition then 12 sessions of training were conducted for experimental groups and control groups were placed in waiting list. Data analysis by ANCOVA test and post-test showed significant difference between all groups in the mean of reaction time and interference score after Gross model training. Also، the mean of reaction time in ADHD experimental group toward BPD experimental group and the mean of interference score in BPD experimental group toward ADHD experimental group significantly decreased. After training the Gross model، behavioral inhibition of ADHD patients rather than BPD patients and cognitive inhibition of BPD patients than ADHD patients showed more improvement.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a debilitating disorder which makes many adaptational problems for patients and their families. The purpose of this study was the comparison of intolerance of uncertainty، emotion regulation and marital satisfaction in OCD-patients and normal individuals. This study used a case-control design. The population of the study included all the patients with OCD who referred to the Psychiatric Hospital of Razi in Tabriz in the second half of 1392. 25 subjects were selected by using simple random sampling and 25 ordinary subjects were selected as a comparison group. MANOVA was used for analyzing the data. The results showed that among two groups، OCD-patients and normal subjects، there were significant differences in intolerance of Uncertainty; in this way that the average scores of OCD-patients in intolerance of Uncertainty was higher than normal subjects’ average. Also it was observed a significant difference in the variables of emotion regulation and marital satisfaction between OCD patients and normal subjects، in this way that the average scores of OCD-patients in emotion regulation and marital satisfaction were lower than normal subjects’ average. The results of the current study show that in tolerance of uncertainty، emotion regulation and marital satisfaction of OCD patients in comparison with the normal group has been a failure and as a result، they require special attention in the treatment of this disorder.

Limitations of exposure therapies for reducing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms have caused to attention new non-exposure therapies. Therefore، the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of time perspective therapy on severity of obsession and compulsion symptoms. The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test، post-test and follow-up. The study sample consisted of 30 patients who received DSM-V criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and they didn''t have diagnosis of psychotic and bipolar mood disorder. They selected by accessible method from 3 psychiatric and psychological services centers of Isfahan in 2013. Participants randomly assigned in 2 groups. The plan include an independent variable in 2 levels: 1-time perspective therapy and 2-waiting list. Instrument was Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale that used to measure the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Results from multivariate analysis of covariate showed that time perspective therapy was the effective therapy to reduce the severity of obsession symptoms، but this effect was not consistent. Furthermore، this therapy wasn''t effective on reducing severity of compulsion symptoms (P> 0. 01). Results showed that time perspective therapy can be used for reducing severity of obsessions symptoms، but it wasn''t effective on severity of compulsion symptoms. By modifying this method، time perspective therapy can be used as a new non-exposure therapy for reducing severity of compulsive- compulsive symptoms.

Fear of judgment and evaluation by others is the foundation and basis of Test Anxiety (TA) and fear of negative evaluation. The aim of this study was to research the effectiveness of muscular relaxation with positive imagination of success on test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test، post-test، and follow-up and control group. The sample consisted of 30 students who were matched from age، sex، educational status، acquiring one standard deviation above the mean in test anxiety and negative fear of negative evaluation and other criteria considered in this research. Then randomly divided into two groups as experimental and control. The experimental group administered 8 sessions of muscular relaxation with positive imagination of success but the control group receive no intervention. The instruments were Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire and Watson & Friend Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between two groups in test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation (p<0/001). The rate of test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in experimental group significantly decreased in comparison with pre-test and follow-up. These results significantly persisted after follow-up period. Muscular relaxation with positive imagination of success decreased the test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation.

Schizotypal personality disorder، as a mild form of schizophrenia consists of cognitive، perceptual and emotional symptoms that disrupt normal function of cognitive abilities. This study compared the cognitive performance of patients with schizotypal personality disorder and normal individuals. The research design was causal - comparative one. The sample was 90 participants 30 patients with schizotypal personality disorder (using drugs)، 30 patients with schizotypal personality disorder (not using drugs) and 30 normal controls were selected of governmental and private psychiatric clinics by available sampling. Wechsler Memory Test (WMT) and two subscales of vocabulary and digit span of Wechsler Intelligence Test (WAIS) were administered among selected samples. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed significant differences between schizotypal participant and normal group on cognitive performance. Schizotypal groups (with and without drug use) were lower scored on personal information، mental control، logical memory، associative learning، words lists and digital memory. Also، the results showed significant differences on navigation and visual memory. That is، schizotypal groups (with and without drug use) were lower scored on mentioned scales. However، schizotypal groups were equal on navigation and visual memory. The major cognitive deficit of schizotypal personality disorder group is on working memory، visual memory، logical memory، attention. An interesting point in current research is finding about deficit of schizotypal personality disorder group on cognitive tasks such as memory and mental control.

Clinical psychologists tend to differentiate somatization and anxiety disorder. The main aims of this study were comparison of the ego defense styles among patients with somatization، anxiety disorders and normal subjects. The study population consisted all of patients with somatization and anxiety disorders referred to public and private clinics in Tehran in 1391، as well as، normal people living in this city. to achieve these goals، 90 participants (30 patients with somatization، 30 patients with anxiety، and 30 normal individuals) who were selected by purposeful sampling and answered to Defensive Styles Questionnaire (DSQ). In addition، normal group answered Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the post-hoc test. The findings showed significantly differences in the mature ego defense style for 3 groups. In addition، there were significantly differences in the immature and neurotic defense styles between normal، anxiety and somatization groups. However، there were no differences in mature and neurotic defense styles between anxiety and somatization groups. Based on research finding we can use defense mechanisms to differentiate between patients with somatization and anxiety disorder. These results suggest that ego defense styles should be considered as a focus of clinical attention in the treatment of physical disorders and anxiety.

In the present study the behavior management program for mothers of deaf children with behavior problems developed. In addition، the effectiveness of this program on reduction of children behavioral problems investigated. Design of the current study was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group. Population of the study was consisted of mothers of hearing impaired children with cochlear implant who difficult behaviors. These children were under protection of center for cochlear implantation and rehabilitation in capital city of Tehran. Sample of study was 20 mothers of deaf children who had difficult behaviors were selected by means of accessible sampling procedure. To gather information about children’s difficult behaviors preschool from of Achenbach Behavior Problem Checklist was used. Intervention protocol was developed using literature and interview with mothers. Mothers in experimental group were assigned to treatment group of the session and each session lasted for two hours. Control group was assigned to the ongoing activities in the center. After two months follow up measures were obtaind to assess maintenance of the behavioral change. The result of analysis with multivariate analysis and repeated measure indicated a significant difference between means of experimental and control groups with respect to behavioral problems in children. Children’s behavioral problems were reduced as a result of intervention and the reduction maintained across time. Therefore، by taking the research aims and objectives into consideration، we can apply this training program to reduce children behavior problems.

In the process of the treatment and returning of addiction، positive and negative emotional states، as well as temptation belong to the most important risk factor for returning. The aim of this study was to determine Effectiveness of Group psychotherapy based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) on the degree of craving and difficulty in Emotional Self-regulation of Methamphetamine users. The present study was a Quasi-experimental research and was conducted through the pre-test، post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all Stimulant Methamphetamine Abusers referring to rehabilitation center under the supervision of the Welfare organization in Nourabad from the winter of 1392 to the spring of 1393. The research sample included 30 Methamphetamine Abusers referring to rehabilitation centers that were selected through available sampling. Based on their tendency to participation in the study، structural diagnostic interview and inclusion criteria، 30 participation were selected and were assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of Dialectical Behavior Therapy. All participants completed the voluntary Craving scale and Gratz Difficulties in emotion regulation Questionnaire as the pre-test، post-test and the follow up stage after a 2 months interval. Data was analyzed through ANOVA with repeated measures. The results of ANOVA with repeated measure showed that the degree of craving and difficulty declined in the Emotional Self-regulation of the experimental group. The visual inspection of effectiveness charts and size effects، too، indicated a significant and considerable decrease in the degree of craving scores in the post-test of the experimental group participants. These results were maintained in the follow-up stage. Training in the Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy Strategies through reducing the maladaptive Strategies and increasing the adaptive Cognitive–Emotional Regulation Strategies can pave the way for improvement and relapse prevention of Methamphetamine Abusers.