نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1393)

Developing of Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives is a way for repairing and dynamic in these organizations. Changing to entrepreneur cooperative Can be reconstructed them as a tools for development of ventures, increase revenue and profits by developed of production, supply new services and processes and finally enhance their affect ness on macroeconomic programs. Hence an effort to promote entrepreneurship in the cooperatives is considered as a priority programs for developing cooperative sector. So the main purpose of this study was to determining entrepreneur cooperative characteristics and purpose strategies for developing entrepreneurship in cooperatives by reform and restructuring structural and management, organizational culture and personal characteristics. In this descriptive paper information gathered by the theoretical literature and library studies. After determining influencing factors on entrepreneurial process in enterprise cooperative, operational solutions are presented for the formation and developing entrepreneurship in the cooperatives. Some strategies instance: institutional reform cooperatives, improve the entrepreneurship culture, awareness personals to entrepreneurship in the cooperatives, and explain the cooperative motivational strategies for developing entrepreneurship in cooperatives.

More than a decade; new global economic trends had set forth a discussion about the University Entrepreneurial and academic capitalism. So that, the commercialization of new ideas and university intellectual capital has become severe necessity in socio-economic development and cultural exchanges between the communities. Commercialization is the process that knowledge and technology diffuses and apply to industry or new practices. Commercialization of agricultural research outputs has achieved the specific status in development of scientific, technical, economical and social systems because; until agricultural research outputs don’t take into practice and agricultural and rural communities don’t benefit from it; it also cannot cause welfare, employment, justice development and poverty reduction in these communities. In this situation, agricultural educational institutes don’t have only educational and research role and expect that play a most active role in national and regional socio-economical development. Thus, the present study attempted to introduce optimize commercialization system of new university ideas in agriculture and by help of archival research and descriptiveanalytical methodology, had investigated the barriers and constraints forward to the commercialization of new ideas and agricultural research outcomes. At the end, proposed the strategies for improving the commercialization system of new ideas and research outcomes in Agriculture have been proposed.

In today's world of competitive business, marketing is a key factor in the survival and growth of entrepreneurial businesses so that low marketing skill in small businesses often leads to the lower levels of performance and the higher risk of failure. Marketing is not just selling goods; the purpose of marketing is to increase sales and it will not be possible unless the customer and his needs in relation to the product must be identified and understood. One of the biggest challenges facing entrepreneurs today is market definition and understanding of customer's needs. A large number of entrepreneurs, neglect to identify or create market that demand for their product or service. Unfortunately, inadequate knowledge of how to understand the entrepreneurs of marketing and market research one of the reasons that have received little attention in the failure of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurs do not have enough knowledge about customers and competitors; they think they know what the customer wants, how it wants, where and when it. In many cases, entrepreneurial business owners argue that their clients are not sufficient, income is inadequate, and does not meet customer's needs. At the same time, market research can help to resolve this problem and to identify the correct solution. So in this article we discuss market research, entrepreneurship marketing and the competencies required for successful entrepreneurial marketing practices.

As the smallest part of social unit, the villages have a special importance in any society. Undoubtedly, the effort to reduce problems and difficulties of these social units and their appropriate establishment in development cycle needs a special attention. Nowadays considering entrepreneurship spirit among villagers especially farmers is regarded the most important solution of rural development. Although, entrepreneurship is not the only solution of employment and increasing the income of villagers, but it is the best and most efficient kind of that. Although, agricultural entrepreneurship can be an income and employment resource for villagers, it influences rural economic development and finally rural development. This research is a descriptive and library study, and deals with the role of agricultural entrepreneurship in rural development. Explanation and description of this qualitative study shows that diversification of rural economy cant be obtained by outside induction, unless rural environment entrepreneurs identify potential and actual resources and opportunities themselves, and bring diversity of employment and economy to rural environments with optimal use of that; thus creating new economic advantages, increasing human welfare, preventing of villager's emigration to cities and establishing compatibility between activity and living space in rural areas are strategic goals of rural development which can be achievable through agricultural and rural entrepreneurship.

Important social and economic achievements of mankind have been the result of\ participation; meanwhile cooperative organizations are more important because of having more emphasis on human aspects. In fact, the cooperatives are an appropriate tool for economic development that they can increase productivity and incomes and improve people’s social situation. Despite the importance of cooperatives, the preliminary review of their performance, especially in rural areas, indicates that the cooperatives have faced many problems and they have failed to achieve their predetermined goals. In such circumstances, many researchers and experts believe that development of entrepreneurship in the cooperatives can play an essential role in helping to develop and strengthen the cooperatives and resolving their different problems. Considering the importance of this issue, the main objective of this descriptive-analytic paper was to examine the role of entrepreneurship in the development of rural cooperatives. The results showed that there is a close relationship between cooperatives and entrepreneurship and indeed entrepreneurship is considered one of the main preconditions for success of rural cooperatives. The cooperatives can increase their effectiveness and efficiency and perform more successfully by using the elements of entrepreneurship, such as creativity, innovation, identifying and taking advantage of opportunities and risk taking. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide required supports including finance, legal, educational, advisory and informing from relevant organizations to develop and foster entrepreneurship in the cooperatives.

Regarding to competitiveness, profitability, productivity and sustainability challenges and potentials in agricultural sector, entrepreneurship seems a vital force for fostering sustainable agriculture development in developing countries. Sustainable agriculture has been described as an umbrella term encompassing several approaches to agriculture including organic farming, biological agriculture, alternative agriculture, ecological agriculture, low-input agriculture, biodynamic agriculture, regenerative agriculture, permaculture and agroecology. Beyond the meanings and interpretations of sustainability as a paradigm, ideology, philosophy, methodology and so on, we need an appropriate, purposeful and functional strategy in order to integrating sustainability in process of agriculture development, as a contingency practicability, systemically, holistically, viability, and flexibility mode. Entrepreneurship facilitation and extension and developing entrepreneurial enterprises in agriculture sector seem a strategic function. Enhancement and exploitation of entrepreneurship capacities in agriculture sector require an enabling environment and an appropriate institutional approach for facilitating agroenterprise development. Rationally, first step of designing a facilitating approach for agro-enterprise development is a comprehensive and realistic conceptualization of agri-entrepreneurship development, including functional and structural components, process, driving and restraining factors, stakeholders and their linkage mechanisms. Hence, this paper introduces entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture as a strategy for developing and facilitating entrepreneurship process in agriculture sector, conceptually and functionality. Also, this paper argues some contextual challenges, practical mechanisms and expected outcomes and impacts of developing entrepreneurial agricultural enterprises.

Today's economy is heavily dependent on outside sources of ground resources and industrial sector, and welcome knowledge-based economy as a fundamental strategy for economic development. Regarding the mission of the universities, provided research and education based on learning for changes play a key role in knowledge-based economy. Greater share of the community to enter in higher education, universities can have more and more active role in national innovation and economic development. The universities is source of knowledge and technology and have great potential for the commercialization of university research. Commercialization of university research as a process to convert research findings and develop the new research ideas. Given that agricultural biotechnology has great potential for economic growth and development in agricultural sector. While there are some barriers to develop agricultural biotechnology include lack of commercialization of university research in this regard. Therefore the main objective of this study is investigating necessity of training in commercialization of academic researches within agricultural biotechnology industry.