فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (پیاپی 116، بهار 1394)

In this research، for synchronization analysis of Black Sea high pressure with daily precipitation in IRAN data base have been created with using the sea level pressure data in Reanalysis II database in National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) /National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Temporal resolution of data is daily and spatial resolution is 2. 5 × 2. 5 degrees of arc. Framework covers the areas including of 20 -70 degrees east longitude and 20-70 degrees north latitude، consisting of 441 pixels. Second database is daily precipitation in 235 synoptic stations in IRAN. Study period is 45-year (1961 to 2004 AD) and includes 16071 days. In this matrix، rows are time and the columns are stations. The result shown that most relevant between precipitation in Iran and Black Sea high pressure is %66 in March and Lowest is %30 in August. Range of spatial in March is located in east، North East، North West and West South West of Iran. But in July، only the southern coast of Caspian Sea has precipitation associated with high pressure system in the Black Sea. Also Most of seasonal percent is %60 in winter season and Lowest is in summer with %38. Overall، more than 50 percent of the precipitation occurs at time of occur Black Sea high pressure system.

Natural resources protection not only depends on technology but also on local institutions and organizations. Using local organizations like Islamic Rural Councils (IRCs) is an alternative to make a proper sustainable organizational framework for managing natural resources as they have the effective role in enhancing rural participation. Hence, many countries seek to exhort and use the local participation capacity in form of different groups and councils. IRCs in Iran have a great capacity to participatory protection of natural resources. Based on the results of a survey research was done in Fars protected areas aiming at studying participatory structure of 52 IRCs and attitudes of its members, present article describes participatory potentials of IRCs in forming a sustainable institution or social organization to protect natural resources. Results show that the participatory dimension of organization structure of IRCs is relatively good. It more probably could help IRCs to do their role as a conservation institution regard to natural environment. Attitudes of IRCs members toward public participation and toward natural resources conservation are desirable and IRCs members want to participate in higher levels of participation especially at functional participation level. Most of IRCs members believe that IRCs should be activated in monitoring natural resources protection and decision making and executive plans respectively. Based on the findings, it is suggested to validate suitable authority to IRCs for increasing their power in decision making, making functional participation between governmental organization and IRCs in order to local conservation of natural resources, enhancing attitude of IRCs members toward public participation and finally, giving monitoring role to the IRCs in natural resources conservation.

Regarding to the importance of residence in the constitution of the low of Islamic republic of Iran, in This article Housing price and Its spatial distribution in Mashhad city in account of help to decision Making have been invisbiyated. The used data's in this studing, which are exceeded of 775 sample, have been gathered from khorasan newspaper (the needs part) since April 2010 to no November 2011 for 8 montns, and their geographic specifications on the Mashhad city have been recorded. In this studing for doing necessary an analyses softwares such as, Arc GIS and GeoDa have been used. Among of used data's 62.8 percent are apartment (487 cases) and 37.2 percent are on – floor building (288 cases) means my studied cases are composed from this tow categories wich this quality and quantity. The average price of every squared meter of apartment in Mashhad is 9000000 Rials and the average prise of every squared meter of floor on is 9350000 Rials and the average price of every squared meter of residence bulding is 9170000 Rials. Never the less the spatial analyse of building price in mashhad indicate in consistent and unequel distribution of prises in different of mashhad result of Moran (index) I. There is direct and positive realationship between apartemant and one-floor building prices and quantity of residents in these areas.

One of temperature estates is hot day occurrence. In order to recognize the mechanism of this estate, surveying its spatial behavior is crucially important. In current paper it has been attempted to recognized widespread hot days and their spatial distribution by using statistical methods. Accordingly maximum temperature database of Iran during 1962-2008 has been used. The analyses result has illustrated 1537 widespread hot days. Most of these days have been occurred during winter and spring seasons. In order to recognize distribution patterns and spatial autocorrelation, Global and local Moran statistic and also Getis- Ord G* statistic has been used. Using Global Moran has been revealed that in 99% confidence interval, cluster pattern governs the hot days frequency as well as hot days temperature. Frequency clusters has been raised in centre of Iran while clusters of the mean of temperature has been occurred in southern (from west to east) and northwest margin of the country. However the regions that experienced maximum frequencies of hot days do not happened in regions with hottest day’s temperature mean. Generally hot days regions are determined by humidity, latitude and elevation. The hot spots are located in south, southeast and cold spots are founded in high lands and northwest of Iran.

Ground water flow and skin is the most important phenomenon in the process streams are involved not only in the face of the whole earth, but also of the life of man on Earth can. Degradation of coastal erosion, lateral stability and continuity in Iran and around the world each year destroys fertilized agricultural lands around the river, coastal installations, bridges, and is General houses. This causes erosion at the river Chrdavl Chenareh in the range studied. During the course of the river in order to 5/1 km was selected and harvested field operations. After the TIN created using HEC-Geo RAS amendment to link the HEC-RAS model and software ArcGIS 50 provides a cross-section of the model is introduced and values of the Manning coefficient model was introduced. With the introduction of the geometrical characteristics of the river flow characteristics and the Manning coefficient model, HEC-RAS, characteristics of flood flows for return periods of 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 are set and used to determine and identify areas susceptible to erosion and sedimentation rates Minimum and maximum shear stress and velocity across the range for different flood return period was determined. Finally, the bank erosion. The minimum shear stress for different flood return period equal to N / m ^ 2 12/7, which occurred on the left coast, so Left Coast Range Chenareh most vulnerable place for the deposition. Field visits the accuracy of the calculations and the results of recent research shows.

The purpose of this study is estimate waiting time of frost occurrence over Iran. The daily data from 663 synoptic and climatology over Iran during 1/1/1340 to 11/10/1383 have been used. Data interpolated by Kriging method on 15×15 km pixels. The data base with dimension 15992×7187 obtained that on the rows were days and on the column were pixels. By t student test the interval mean of waiting time frost occurrence estimate for each pixels during different months and yearly in 95% confidence level. The results of this study showed that waiting time frost occurrence in the different months of year is not even over Iran country. In the January the waiting time frost occurrence is very short. In this month of year over the Zagros and elevation in the northeastern part of country waiting time frost occurrence is 1 to 3 days. In the other months waiting time frost occurrence increase. The southern parts of country in the all months of year are without frost occurrence. The changes of waiting time frost occurrence are very high in the regions that waiting time is long. Over the Ardabil, regions between Sanandaj and Hamedan, Tehran and Semnan and Shahrekord the time interval between two occurrence frost phenomena is very short rather than other parts of country.

This research was aimed to investigate indigenous and modern management styles and their roots of success and stability in Arsenjan county, Fars province. Case study approach and observation, interview, and archival research techniques were used for data gathering. Priority rights of Ayesheh, Bonab and Katake Qanats of Arsenjan city were compared with the application of new cooperation models. The results of the study showed that methods of the priority rights of the Arsenjan qanats were compatible with many recent new cooperation ideas and models, indeed in some respects the local methods have priorities. It is also shown that with new technologies of withdrawal of ground water e. g., digging new deep and semi - deep wells, qanats very soon are being to be in danger of dryness, therefore, new methods of qanats management are highly proposed. Although some recommendations for better management of the qanats, monitoring, definition and consideration of the limiting zone, harvesting of aquatic organisms and protecting the qanats water from impact of environmental pollution are presented.

Alluvial fans are the most striking phenomena o fluvial geomorphology. These forms are found in frount of mountains and pediments of arid and semiarid zones. Alluvial fans are affected by climate changes and tectonics. Occurring of tectonic events lead to reaction of alluvial fans. Some of these reactions appear on dissection of alluvial fans and displacement of depocenters on alluvial fans. The study area is located north Isfahan and North west Ardestan. The aim of this study is to identify Mooghar alluvial fan and consideration the role of effective factors in its segmentation and deformation using geomorphic indicators, geomorphologic evidence of active tectonics and visit field. These activites lead to displacement divergent centers and Depocenters, segmentation and succession of alluvial fan and creating new sequence of alluvial fan in the lower alluvial fan. The new alluvial fan will be extend with continued erosion processes and perest alluvial fan will be divided into tow distinct parts of north and south.

Drought affects on all aspects of human actirities seriously as a climatic phenomenon. However, the studies related to this phenomenon based on suitable method are very few. Studying the drought features and its prediction can be effective on decreasing of resulted losses or damages. Therefore, drought and evaluation of its prediction possibility are studied for some stations of Ardabil province. The data used in this research is the rainfall value as montly during 23 years statistical duration. The standardized precipitation index in time index of 1, 3, 6, 12 monthes used for studying the drought features and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model for prediction of drought. Based on the research results, the most serious drought has occurred in Ardabil province in Ardabil station during six monthes time index, in December 2010 by 2.47 index. Generally, the highest percentage of drought occurance is seen in Pars Abad station and the lowest rate is seen in Khalkhal station. Except pars abad station, the linar trend of SPI index is decreasing trend in 3 and 6 monthes. In other words, the drought increases. Based on clustering analysis, Khalkhal and Ardabil stations are located in one group in each of four time index. Therefore the drought feature is similar in them and pars abad station is located in other group. The results of prediction of index by ANFIS model indicated that the prediction errors are considerable in most of eases and the model hasnot acceptable efficiency in this prediction.

In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the mean, maximum mean and ‎minimum mean temperature from the chronology of tree rings width of two ‎Quercus Persica sites in Dena region, where efficient climatic data have a ‎short period (1982-2011). The duration of common chronology of the sites ‎is 131 years (1881-2011).Considering the strong correlation between ‎climatic data and growth rings width (P < 0.01), with positive coefficient, ‎we attempted to reconstruct the variables using combined linear and ‎quadratic regression analysis and ring growth width from 1881 to ‎‎2011.Accordingly, the highest maximum temperature was in 2001-2011 ‎decade and the lowest minimum temperature was during the decade 1981-‎‎1991.Over the recent three decades, the average and the annual maximum ‎mean temperature had an increase of 0.5°c and 1°c in comparison to the ‎previous century and the average annual minimum temperature has had a ‎decrease of 0.2°c.‎

Flood risk zonation is necessary to Control and predict the amplitude of flood damage.The purpose of this research is to evaluate the rate of flood risk vulnerability and the flood damage assessment in Tabriz. Specific variables of this study are land use, population density, river beds, slope classes residential density, CN coefficient, runoff coefficient, open spaces and old buildings.Methodologically speaking, having determined the necessary layers, the weight of each layer was obtained based on the importance of layer in flood occurrence. After weight determination phase of the research, layers were compared with each other in two–by–two basis by the Expert–choice software, then the resulted matrices of these comparisons were analyzed by Idrisi software and final coefficients for layers were calculated. Finally, by applying these coefficients through Raster Calculation menu to ArcGis software, the map of flood risk zonation of Tabriz suburb was prepared. The critical zones vulnerable to flood and inundation were determined. oreover, the possible flood loss was estimated by developing the flood damage map.thus,flood critical zones of urban texture and inundation were preparedand the flood loss was determined by producing the map of flood damage evaluation. the flood risk zonation map reveals thata bout 3/34% of study zone is located in the class of very high flood risk, 15/87% in high flood risk class, 70/84% in medium flood risk class and 9/95 percent is in the low flood risk class. Moreover, there was a compatibility of 85% between the classes of flood damage evaluation map and those of flood risk map.

1- Introduction Crop development is qualitative changes planned that led the plant to ripening. Factors such as water available, nitrogen and photosynthetic materials are affected growth and development. Under irrigated conditions expected that all of factors except climate elements be controlled. Thus, only climate elements able to change of plant growth and development and under these conditions, temperature and day length have more effective than the other elements. In every site, planting date determined adaptation of developmental stages to day length and temperature during growth season. 2- Methodology Data from planting dates trials conducted over the Kabootar-Abad Agricultural Research Station during 2003-2009 were used to develop models for estimating development rate of three varieties, Arak, Zendeh Rud and Goldasht. To calculate of developmental rate of every stage, duration of every stage was inversed. To determine model of development rate of every stage, development rate considered as dependent variable and day length, thermal variables and combination of these considered as independent variables in step wise regression. A step of regression was considered appropriate if the highest R2 was accompanied by the significant (p≤0.05) regression coefficient. Evaluation of model accuracy and sensitivity was performed, using the data of 2008-2009 that there was not any role in forming of models. 3- Discussion No. of days from planting to emergence, emergence to heading, emergence to flowering, emergence to ripening and flowering to ripening were affected by planting dates. By increasing temperature, developmental stage periods decreased. Day length had the most effect on emergence to heading and emergence to flowering period and by increasing it, decreased. Tmean was the only variable that entered to model and explained about 76% of development rate of varieties emergence period. About 83% of development rate of emergence to heading stage was determined by Tmax×DL. T2max×DL2 explained about 92% of development rate of emergence to flowering stage. T2max×DL2 with T4max explained about 81% variations of developmental rate of emergence to ripening stage. T3max was the only variable that entered the model of development rate of flowering to ripening stage and expressed about 47% variations of it. 4- Conclusion Contribution of thermal and day length parameters in determining of rate of different developmental stages is not constant. This may be related to different physiological nature of developmental stages and differences reactions of these stages to climatologic, edaphic and agronomic elements and interaction among them and with genotype of plant. Entrance of a variable to a model may be related to amount of variables variance and correlation among them and it may there are not physiological reasons for this.

Territories glacier Rig site in the south province Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari was studied with the aim tracing evidence of glacier activity, determining boundaries snow the, reconstruction of conditions past humidity and temperature, determining balance line of water and ice of late Quaternary and reviews link between scattering cirques with aspects inequalities. with aspects. From method Interpolated in reconstructing of climatic and hydrological data and also study method Porter Cirque floor and Wright method was used to determine the past boundary of the snow. The results from Porter's method, altitude 2812 and also of the method Wright, altitude 2836 meters shows as past boundary snow. Also water and ice balance line obtained has been in the altitude 2109 meters. The results represents the shaping are about 89/32 % of the Cirque at the slopes of to pole and the 66/25 % other in the slopes to the the equator.

This study is a step toward identifying spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation on the territory of Iraq. The purpose of this analysis, the data related to the network database Aphrodite a 57 -year period (2007-1951), was used. The data matrix consists of three cell location, the original data (rainfall) and the calendar matrix. Surfer was drawn up. Also analyzed for the first time and then calculate the weighted mean of the rainfall parameters of 17 time-series data consisting of time series of annual, seasonal and monthly were drawn. The results of this analysis showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Iraq was not uniformly. Precipitation from North to South and from East to West in Iraq has slowed. The main factor is the uneven distribution of latitude and altitude distribution. The results of the nonparametric test Mann - Kendall at 95 % and 99 % confidence levels 17 -fold over the time series data showed that over the course of 57 years in this country, there is not trend in precipitation.

One of the natural hazards in mountainous areas, which always cause great losses of life and financial damages, is the avalanche fall. Since, survey the avalanche-prone areas for prevention the probable damages is considerably important, especially when the avalanche paths affect the residential areas or roads. In this research, based on local information, one of the avalanche paths in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is identified. Then in the field works, all parts of it visited and the geomorphology and land use characteristics investigated. After that, using geographical information system, hypsometry, slope and aspect maps produced. Using these maps and the information obtained from the field works, the avalanche accumulation zone, the avalanche tracks, run-out zone of the avalanche, starting zone of the avalanche and profile of the main track are extracted.

Water productivity Increase is one of the water management solutions in agriculture and increasing its efficiency. The accurate determination of plants water requirement and the accurate value estimate of evapotranspiration is essential for improving water productivity in irrigation network that it can help to improve water management in agriculture. in this research such climatic elements as temperature,rainfall and daily relative moisture have been calculated within the statistic era(1993-2000).To put it into practice calculate-xlsx program in excel is used.The amount of evaporation and daily perspiration was also calculated depending on Petman Monteith method.water and rainfal requirement for growing saffron in different seasons were specified as well.The results of this study indicate that in the western and southwest stations in the province the temperature needed to get the necessary degree of the plant would not be accessible.considering the fact that procuring necessary amount of temperature is the first factor for the growth of saffron, thus such stations are not suitable for planting saffron. saffron grows during the seasons of October (Mehr) and May (ordibehesht).During the period of growing saffron Ardestan station with the average of 528/1 mm and kashan station with the average of 279 mm calculated as the most and the least amount of water requirement bases respectively.In Ardestan station the average of 407 mm and in Golpaygan station the average of 107 mm also calculated as the most and the least amount of annual irrigation respectively.