فصلنامه سیاست جهانی
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 10، زمستان 1393)

Egyptian-Israeli relations have been filled with ups and downs since the state of Israel formed in 1948. Egypt was the leader of Arab world in Palestinian-Israeli conflict and this issue has increased the importance of Egypt for Israel. During the long time of president Hosni Mubarak bilateral Political, economic and security ties between the two countries increased. After Arab Spring in 2011 and widespread protests in several Arab countries, The protests were drawn in Egypt and president Hosni Mubarak stepped down. In the first presidential election after ousted Hosni Mubarak, The Muslim Brotherhood came to power, as the oldest Islamist group in Egypt. Since the foreign policy of every country set along with its internal policies, this political change will affected Egypt's foreign policy in general and bilateral relations with Israel in particular. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Muslim Brotherhood on Egypt's relationship with Israel through constructivism theory.

Territoriality is considered in the political geography and geopolitics as one of the fundamental issues. Territoriality is man making political structure that seeks to divide space. Territoriality is political nature or the nature of the dispute and no existed without ruthless dividing of space into separate parts and the exclusive allocation of space. Therefore, territoriality is purposeful process and may pursue various purposes, including economic, security, identity, stimulus or even emotional. This paper intends to use the three elements of "space", "power" and "identity" to explain the formation process of discursive territoriality and using three categories: the context (proximate or distal), analytic form (post-/structuralize or interpretive-explanatory) and political stance (involved or detached), achieved the systematic and purposeful discourse analysis in critical geopolitics. And finally, with local and mouffe's theory of discourse divided into three interdependent apparatuses: the discourse apparatus, the identity apparatus and the politics apparatus this result is achieved the ways in which critical geopolitics scholarship has understood and made use of discourse analysis.

The analysis and examination of security strategies of different states is an important analytical task in political science and international relations and many theories have been put forward to dealing with this concern. Undoubtedly, the theory of Kenneth waltz and its modification by scholars such as birth Hansen, Peter Toft and Anders Wiwel are very important analytical tools for this matter. In this paper, authors are going to examine Iran's different security strategies towards Unites State’s geopolitic advances in the Middle East since 2001by applying the theory of Hansen and his collegues.The findings of the paper demonstrate that Iran adopted the combination of soft balancing and soft bandwagoning in the aftermath of the United States attack to Afghanistan, while in Iraq’s crisis and Syria developments soft balancing and hard balancing were, respectively adopted by the Islamic government of Iran. Moreover, the relative security and relative ideology are the independent factors which determine and explain the reasons behind the adoption of these strategies.

Water is a vital and irreplaceable material. Climate changes, population increase and life style changes have leaded to the increase of water demands. At the time being, the situation of water resources in all over the world is critical. However, some regions such as the Middle East and the south of Africa are more vulnerable. Hydro politics is a young knowledge which deals with the examination of water resources and finding solutions for water crisis. Since the solving of water problems is difficult for individual states, bilateral and multilateral cooperation seems inevitable. Accordingly states have to pursue active and dynamic foreign policy to overcome the challenges. Virtual water is one of the methods for managing the water problems in arid and semiarid regions. Virtual water means the smart import of water dependent food or goods according to relative advantage. Accordingly two strategies have been mentioned: 1) import of water dependent goods and 2) production of water dependent goods in watery regions with the common investment of arid and semiarid countries. The present paper is an endeavor to submit practical solutions for overcoming the water crisis in our country.

Since 2002, Iran's nuclear program has been the most important topics in international level. Since the introduction of this program, led by the United States and other Western countries, a backlash against it has been started and consequently the Western media and the International Atomic Energy Agency have aggrandized it and have tried to show it as threat. The aim of this paper is to study the role of Western media and the International Atomic Energy Agency on securitization and aggrandizement of Iranian nuclear program to their audience in the past ten years. This study seeks to answer the questions; how were the Western media and International Atomic Energy Agency's approach in securitization of Iran’s nuclear activities? Why top Western newspapers and International Atomic Energy Agency have used negatively charged words and phrases to show Iranian peaceful nuclear program as threat? The Research hypothesis states that the selected Western media editorials (Wall Street Journal, Guardian, Washington Post, and Daily Telegraph) as well as IAEA have tried to construct a connection between world security and Iran's nuclear program. The questions and hypothesis would be evaluated in a cross-sectional manner. In this study, the Copenhagen school is used as a theoretical framework.

The Islamic revolution of 1979 has different reflections in the Middle East. It was inspiring for oppressed people and disturbing for many repressive governments. Meanwhile, the Arab regimes have been attempting to confront the potential impacts of the Iranian revolution. They announced officially the establishment of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981 with the aim to confront Iran. Although the relationship between Iran and the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council has been unsteady and complicated, it seems that both sides especially the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council prefer competition rather than cooperation. In the present paper, the theory of "security community" and "regional Fortresses” (Alex Bellamy) was used To better understand the relationships between Iran and PGCC. Based on this approach, the authors demonstrate that how PGCC Suppose Iran as a threat to their identity and act in accordance with this supposition.

Persian Gulf region due to geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economics, one of the most important regions of the world. Because the energy sources and geographical location of sensitive political, have an important role in the structure international security and provides an atmosphere to play a starring role. The dominant position in the Persian Gulf is due to take place in the history of the Trans regional powers. A major extera_regional power in the U.S is dominate the Persian Gulf region, this is because consolidation strengthen its hegemony, for this reason, the U.S, especially after the September eleven has attempted to place strong and stable political and security arrangements in the Persian Gulf region to find. United States to achieve this important goal with chanting slogans such as: development democracy, resolve crises and security intended role of regional planning. But in fact, the U.S and its role in the region cause divergence between countries in the region. According to this is the main question in this study: "Divergent role of the U.S in the Persian Gulf region in the wake of what has been since September eleven?" to clarify the issue this paper using power-driven approaches neoclassical realism, this hypothesis implies that: "Considering the important position of geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economics Persian Gulf and American interests in the region, a major U.S dominance over the region and one of the ways to increase the power and influence, according to the theory of realism undermine alliances and coalitions outside, the U.S is followed by the divergence between countries in the region to prevent the creation of a strong alliance."

With the increase of the number of non-state actors in international community, the frequency of wars between states gradually was replaced by wars between states and non-state actors and states were challenged by these new actors. However, since these actors in the territory of other states create a base and act against them, it is necessary to legally examine the scope of victim’s state self-defense within the territory of the host states. The authors are going to answer these questions: how can justify the right of self-defense of victim states according to the principle of territorial sovereignty of host states? And responsibility or non-responsibility of host state has what impact in scope of self-defense? In this article in addition to answering these questions, we will also study practice of states and the opinions of legal scholars.