فهرست مطالب

نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 12 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

  • منتخب مقالات نخستین همایش بین المللی نورپردازی ای ران
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1393/06/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • معماری
  • قدسیه اکبری باصری، مریم محمد قلی پور صفحه 1
    از کهن ترین زمان ها تا دوران اسلامی ایران، حکمای کهن و عارفان بزرگ ایرانی همچون شیخ اشراق، علاءالدوله سمنانی، نجم رازی و نجم کبری، و غیره در گزارش طی طریق های عرفانی خود، مقامات رمزی برای مراتب سیر و سلوک قائلند و به گفته آنها در مرتبه هر کدام از این مقامات، انواری به رنگ های گوناگون بر سالک افاضه می شود که نشانگر حالات و مراتب سلوک اوست. مقاله حاضر به دنبال آن است که با اساس قرار دادن آرا و نظرات این عرفا و مطابقت آنها با اصولها و معیارهای معماری اسلامی ایران در دوره صفوی به کاوش در این زمینه بپردازد که آیا مکان های مختلف معماری ایران نیز می توانند از حقیقتی مقامی برخوردار باشند؟ به تعبیر دیگر، آیا با توجه به مقام قطب هر مکان، که محوریت در مکان با اوست، نورحقیقی در مرتبه ای در ساحت معماری تجلی می یابد، و مکان مقدس از ساحت یک بنای مادی فراتر رفته و دارای مقامی رمزی از نورهای رنگی یا در واقع مکانیتی مثالین می شود؟ در پاسخ به این سوال، پژوهش حاضر با اتخاذ چشم اندازی سن تگرا و با اتکا به رویکرد تفسیری هرمنوتیکی و روش شناسی تفسیری تاریخی، آراء عارفان نام برده را درباره رنگ در حرم امام رضا (ع)، مسجد شیخ لطف الله وکاخ باغ چهل ستون مورد بررسی قرار می دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: رمز، معماری، مقام، مکانیت مثالین، نورهای رنگی
  • مرضیه هومانی راد، منصوره طاهباز صفحه 11
    تجلی رمزگونه نور طبیعی در فضاهای عبادی مساجد قدیمی، دگرگونی شگرفی در مکان ایجاد کرده و موجب افزایش کیفیت معنوی این فضاها شده است. در مساجد معاصر، استفاده از نور طبیعی صرفا به استفاده کمی از آن تنزل یافته و از به کارگیری جنبه های کیفی آن غفلت شده است. این امر موجب از بین رفتن آثار رو حبخش نور در فضای عبادی و نیاز به استفاده هر چه بیش تر از انرژی های الکتریکی شده است. به منظور کشف رابطه بین مشخصات معماری فضای عبادی و کیفیت روحانی آن، مقاله حاضر با بررسی نظریه های معتبر دانشمندان در دو عرصه متفاوت فیزیک نور و روانشناسی نور، به مطالعه فضای گنبدخانه مسجد قبا واقع در شهر تهران می پردازد. ویژگی طراحی روشنایی گنبدخانه مسجد قبا نمونه مناسبی برای تحلیل رابطه معماری فضا و فرم بازشو با حضور کیفی نور به شمار می رود. اهداف کاربردی این تحقیق ارائه راهکارهای کنترل نور طبیعی برای طراحی فضاهای عبادی و معرفی روش تحلیل کیفیت معنوی فضا از نظر روشنایی است. برای بررسی چگونگی حضور کمی و کیفی نور در گنبدخانه این مسجد از دستگاه های سنجش کمی نور در برداشت میدانی استفاده شده است. جهت دست یابی به الگوی توزیع نور و میزان روشنایی فضا در کل سال، داده ها پس از استخراج، از طریق نرم افزار ریدینس مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. چگونگی تاثیر فرم بازشوها و سایه بان بالای بازشو در کنترل حضور کیفی نور از اهم نتایج تحقیق حاضر می باشد. تفاوت این تحقیق با تحقیقات گذشته ایجاد رابطه بین رویکرد کمی (داده های میدانی) و کیفی (نور معنوی و شاعرانه) است.
    کلیدواژگان: کمیت و کیفیت نور روز، فضای معنوی، مسجد قبا، نرم افزار ریدینس
  • احمد اخلاصی، مجید مفیدی شمیرانی، نظام الدین عنبری روزبهانی صفحه 25
    مقاله حاضر با هدف ارتقاء توامان عملکرد اقلیمی آرایه ای پوسته های خارجی ساختمان، به معرفی یک روش ترکیبی در سازماندهی عناصر تشکیل دهنده نما می پردازد. روش مذکور، معاصرسازی تکنیک های معماری بومی ایران در بهره گیری و کنترل نور روز، از طریق رویکرد طراحی الگوریتمیک و در یک فرآیند تکاملی را پیشنهاد می نماید، روشی که به ضرورت وحدت هنر و فنآوری در طراحی معماری پایدار اشاره دارد. الگوهای هندسی ایرانی اسلامی، ساختار کالبدی و آرایه ای عناصر بومی تامی نکننده نور روز را شکل می دهند، این الگوها می توانند مجددا مطابق با روح حاکم بر معماری معاصر بازآفرینی شوند، تا علاوه بر پاسخگویی به دغدغه های زیست محیطی، در برگیرنده کیفیات بصری ویژه ای نیز باشند. به بیان دیگر رویکردهای نوین در طراحی معاصر از جمله رویکردهای پارامتریک این امکان را فراهم می آورند که ساختار هندسی و فرم معمول عناصر اقلیمی آرایه ای معماری بومی ایران از قالب سنتی خود خارج شده و دوباره بر مبنای ادغام توامان گرایشات زیبایی شناسانه و ملزومات عملکردی، سازماندهی شوند. بدین ترتیب معماری عملکرد محوری پدید می آید که علاوه بر کارایی بالا در تامین اهداف عملکردی خود متناسب با دغدغه های فرمال و آرایه ای معماری معاصر شکل گرفته است. در مقاله حاضر عملکرد اقلیمی آرایه ای عناصر بومی در بهره گیری و کنترل نور روز مد نظر قرار داشته است به این منظور ارسی به عنوان یک نمونه از این عناصر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ارسی ها متشکل از یک مشبک چوبی با ساختار هندسی ایرانی اسلامی هستند که قطعاتی از شیشه های رنگی در میان شبکه های هندسی آن جانمایی می شده اند، پارامترهای تشکیل دهنده این عنصر اقلیمی آرایه ای مجددا از طریق رویکرد طراحی الگوریتمیک بازآفرینی شده و ویژگی های آرایه ای و عملکردی آن مطابق با اهداف پژوهش معاصرسازی شد.
    کلیدواژگان: رویکرد طراحی الگوریتمیک، معماری بومی، نور روز، هندسه ایرانی اسلامی، معاصرسازی، طراحی پارامتریک
  • محمد جواد مهدوی نژاد، موحد صیامی نمین، وحیدرضا ابوالصدق صفحه 37
    فناوری های نوین نورپردازی و به خصوص نورپردازی در شب، چهره جدیدی به شهرهای امروزین ما داد هاند به گونه ای که در شب هنگام، می توان چهره جدیدی از شهر را مشاهده نمود؛ تا جایی که امروزه ضرورت و اهمیت مطالعه تاثیر فناوری های نوین نورپردازی در درک آثار معماری معاصر ایران بیش از هر زمان دیگر احساس می شود. در این پژوهش به بررسی نحوه انتقال مفاهیم معماری توسط نور در درک آثار معماری معاصر ایران می پردازیم. طرح مسئله ضرورت تناسب نورپردازی داخلی با نیازهای موجود در موزه از دیدگاه جامعه آماری می باشد، هزینه های زیاد طراحی و اجرای این گونه بناها از یک سو و اهمیت موزه به لحاظ نقش خاص آن در زمینه فرهنگی نسبت به جامعه و استقبال مردم از این بناها، زمینه ساز بررسی عوامل متعددی از جمله نورپردازی داخلی شده است. جهت شناسایی عوامل موثر بر نحوه انتقال معانی به بررسی نورپردازی شش نمونه از موزه های شهر تهران پرداخته شده است. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش متشکل از شهروندان تهرانی و افراد توری است حاضر در موزه های انتخاب شده است. برای بررسی دیدگاه ها و نظرات جامعه آماری، به دلیل اینکه دانش آکادمیک در زمینه معماری را دارا نمی باشند. استفاده از ابزار با زبان مشترک بین گروه پژوهشگر و پاسخدهندگان در صدر الزامات پژوهش قرار گرفته و برای رفع نیاز از آزمون افتراق معنایی در این پژهش استفاده شده است. در انتها نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از تاثیر مثبت و بالای نورپردازی در کیفیت فضای داخلی موزه ها می باشد. دستاوردهای پژوهش نشاندهنده آن است که به کارگیری شیوه های روزآمد و فناوری های نوین نورپردازی، نقش قابل توجهی در هدایت درک مخاطب از آثار معماری معاصر ایران دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: معماری شبانه، فناوری های نوین نورپردازی، موزه، نور، معماری معاصر ایران
  • سحر صدیق اکبری، رویا نوری صفحه 45
    امروزه با در نظر داشتن میزان تاثیر مفاهیم روانشناسی محیطی در کیفیت محیط، ضرورت توجه به این مقوله در طراحی فضاهای درمانی در جهت دستیابی به یک فضای مطلوب برای بیماران را مهم می شمارد. روانشناسی محیط یکی از رشته های تخصصی نوپایی است که به تاثیر متقابل رفتار و عوامل و شرایط فیزیکی معماری و فضای محیط، بیش از دیگر جنبه ها موثر دارد. فضاهای درمانی نیز با توجه به اهمیتی که دارند باید بتوانند محیطی کاملا آرام، با توجه به نیاز مراجعه کنندگان باشد. حال اگر مراجعه کنندگان کودکان باشند، اهمیت این موضوع دو چندان می شود. یکی از عوامل حیاتی جهت حفظ سلامت جسم و تعادل روان و ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی انسان نور و رنگ است. بیشتر پژوهش های انجام شده در ارتباط با فضاهای درمانی توجه خود را معطوف به مفاهیم کالبدی بیمارستان نموده اند و مفاهیم ذهنی زیبایی شناختی چندان مورد توجه قرار نگرفته اند. هدف از ارائه این مقاله بررسی اهمیت نور و رنگ در طراحی فضاهای درمانی و چگونگی تبدیل فضای مخوف بیمارستان به فضایی شاد و آرام، با توجه به نظر مخاطبان این فضاها)کودکان(، است. فرضیه تحقیق بر این باور است که به کارگیری صحیح نور و رنگ، می تواند در کاهش ترس، اضطراب و همچنین روند بهبودی کودکان بیمار و کاهش طول درمان آنان بسیار موثر باشد. باید گفت روش تحقیق در این مقاله توصیفی پیمایشی می باشد. نتایج به دست آمده از کودکان بستری در بیمارستان مفید که به صورت پرسش شفاهی و عملی از 100کودک با گروه سنی 6- 10 انجام شد، نشان داد که رنگ و نور نقش بسیار مهمی را در فضاهای مختص به کودکان ایفا می نماید که نادیده گرفتنشان در طراحی بیمارستان سبب کاهش کیفیت محیط و کیفیت درمان خواهد شد. همچنین در نظرسنجی صورت گرفته از کودکان، رنگ های آبی و قرمز برای تخت های بستری، رنگ های قرمز و نارنجی برای اتاق های بازی و رنگ های آبی و سبز برای اتاق های بستری مورد توجه و علاقه کودکان بود.
    کلیدواژگان: روانشناسی محیط، کودک، مراکز درمانی، نور، رنگ
  • طراحی شهری
  • امیرمحمد اخوان صراف، امید خسروی دانش، راحله مظاهری، بهار زمانی صفحه 55
    طراحی شهری به عنوان دانشی که ارتقاء کیفی محیط شهری را بر اساس ادراک و رفتار شهروندان مد نظر دارد، بیان می دارد که شب و فضای شهری شبانه بخش مهمی از زندگی را تشکیل می دهند. از این رو می توان گفت، نورپردازی تعریف کننده هویت و سیمای شبانه شهر است و طراحی روشنایی شهری نه تنها موضوعی صرفا تزئینی نیست، بلکه روشی جهت تامین امنیت و آرامش بیشتر محیط می باشد. در مقاله حاضر سعی بر آن شد، تا با بیان ضرورت وجود نور به عنوان یکی از اصلی ترین عناصر منظر شهری، به بررسی نقش نورپردازی در ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی شبانه در کلان شهر مشهد پرداخته شود. به همین منظور برای نشان دادن تاثیر روشنایی بر عملکرد انسان در جامعه و زندگی شبانه، به بررسی این مهم در ارتقاء کیفیت محیطی از جهات مختلف فیزیکی و روحی پرداخته شد و در نهایت با مراجعه به منابع مختلف، انجام مطالعات میدانی و کتابخانه ای و بهره مندی از مدل اورگون، سعی به تدوین دستورالعمل ها، ضوابط و تعریف پروژه های موضعی در شهر شد و با یک بررسی کلی پیرامون عوامل موثر بر ایجاد روشنایی مناسب شهری، پیشنهاداتی در زمینه ساماندهی وضعیت نور در شهر مشهد مطرح شد. نتایج بررسی ها نشان داد تداوم حیات شهر در شب به واسطه دستاوردها و امکانات آن می تواند به عنوان برنامه راهبردی منظر شبانه شهر مشهد هدف های مهمی همچون توسعه حیات مدنی از طریق تبادلات اجتماعی و بهر هوری فضاهای شهری، عدالت اجتماعی از طریق همه شمول کردن فضاهای جمعی، توسعه اقتصادی با ایجاد فرصت های جدید سرمایه گذاری و گردشگری شهری، تقویت هویت فرهنگی مذهبی با تاکید بر نمادهای فرهنگی و در نتیجه ارتقاء وجهه و شان شهر مشهد در مقیاس ملی و بین المللی را به ارمغان آورد.
    کلیدواژگان: طراحی شهری، نورپردازی، کلان شهر مشهد، پروژه های موضعی، کیفیت زندگی شبانه
  • محمد جواد مهدوی نژاد، سمانه خبیری، کیمیا ملکی صفحه 67
    نورپردازی و روشنایی شهری علاوه بر تامین قابلیت دید، ایمنی و امنیت، نقشی مهم و کلیدی در ارتقاء عملکرد فضاهای شهری، کیفیت زندگی شبانه، تصویر ذهنی کاربران از فضای شهری در شب هنگام و هویت بخشی به فضاهای شهری ایفا می کند. بهره مندی از کلیه مزایایی که نورپردازی فضاهای شهری می تواند برای شهرها و ساکنانش فراهم کند، نیازمند در نظر گرفتن ابعاد متفاوت آن از ابعاد تکنیکی تا زیباشناختی، برنامه ریزی و طراحی شهری است. ضرورت این موضوع در میدان های شهری، بواسطه نقش ویژه آنها به عنوان یکی از اصلی ترین فضاهای جمعی شهر و سازنده هویت اجتماعی و کالبدی آن مطرح می شود. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است که با روش تحقیق توصیفی از طریق بررسی اسناد و مطالعات در این زمینه به راهنمای طراحی روشنایی در این فضاها و چک لیست مورد پژوهشی میدان های شهری دست یافته شود. فرآیند تهیه این راهنما براساس شناخت توقعات موضوعی از میدان های شهری که عبارتند از تعین فضایی، یکپارچگی، سکون و تجمع طلبی و بازتعریف آن ها در قالب سه اصل شناسایی شده زمینه گرایی، طرح تجهیزات روشنایی و رفاه بصری بوده است. در بخش مطالعات موردی، نمون ه هایی هدفمند از دو گروه متعارف میدان های منطقه ای و ناحیه ای و با درنظر گرفتن ویژگی های شاخص از نظر کالبدی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، قدمت و نقش هویتی گزینش شدند که عبارتند از میدان های تجریش، ونک، مادر، صادقیه، هفت تیر، هفت حوض، انقلاب، فردوسی، امام)توپخانه(، بهارستان، محوطه پیاده تئاتر شهر و برج میلاد. ارزیابی روشنایی این میدان ها با روش مطالعا ت میدانی و بر اساس اعطای امتیاز به مولفه های اصلی و فرعی چک لیست پیشنهادی و با احتساب اوزان هر یک از مولفه های فرعی در دستیابی به مولفه اصلی بوده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این بخش، اصل رفاه بصری در میدان های شهری تهران بیشترین امتیاز را به خود اختصاص داد که نشا ندهنده اولویت این موضوع در طرح روشنایی این فضاها بوده است. کسب امتیازهای بسیار پایین تر در دو مولفه دیگر و به ویژه مولفه زمینه گرایی نشاندهنده بی توجهی به فرصت های موجود در زمینه به ویژه در میدان های تاریخی شهر تهران است. غفلتی که منجر به افول کیفیات عملکردی (زندگی شبانه، سرزندگی فضا و غیره) و ادارکی (تصویرذهنی، جهت یابی، خوانایی مجموعه فضاهای شهری و...) در میدان های شهر تهران شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: نورپردازی شهری، میدان های شهری، آلودگی نوری، رفاه بصری
  • عطاء احمدیان، کاوه احمدیان تازه محله، ساسان رضادوست صفحه 85
    به منظور تعیین اثر پرتوهای نوری طی شب بر زمان گلدهی و رشد گیاهان زینتی فضای سبز شهری آزمایشی طی سال هزار و سیصد و نود و دو در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خوی انجام پذیرفت. در این آزمایش چند نوع گل از قبیل داوودی 1، اطلسی 2، و شاهپسند 3 تحت چهار تیمار نوری جهت شبیه سازی شرایط حاکم در پارک ها و فضای سبز شهری شامل لامپ بخار سدیم، لامپ متال هالید، لامپ فلورسنت و تاریکی به عنوان شاهد قرار گرفتند. آزمایش بر اساس طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار اجرا شد. نوردهی بعد از غروب آفتاب تا طلوع روز بعد (به جز تیمار شاهد) انجام پذیرفت. گیاهان انتخاب شده از نظر فتوپریودی به تیپ های مختلف تناوب نوری تعلق داشتند. نتایج به دست آمده، نشان داد که از منابع روشنایی، لامپ بخار سدیم تاثیر معن یدار آماری بر زمان گلدهی و میزان رشد گیاهان مورد آزمایش داشته است. این مسئله در گیاهان روز کوتاه و بی تفاوت بارز بود. لامپ متال هالید نیز تاثیر مثبتی بر اندازه سطح برگ گیاهان داشت. همچنین تامین نور بعد از غروب آفتاب توانست چرخه فتوسنتزی گیاهان را فعال نگه داشته و رشد آنها را افزایش دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: فتوپریود، نورپردازی شبانه، لامپ بخار سدیم، لامپ متال هالید، گلدهی
  • مصطفی بهزادفر، سمیه جلیلی صدرآباد، سمانه جلیلی صدرآباد صفحه 93
    زنان نیمی از جمعیت جهان را به خود اختصاص داده اند. یکی از دل مشغولی های حال حاضر حضورپذیری زنان در فضاهای شهری می باشد. اما، حضورپذیری آنان در عرصه های همگانی در مقایسه با مردان، ناچیز است. طراحی شهری حضور همه افراد را برای اجتماع پذیری و به طور کلی ارتقاء کیفیت محیطی مورد تاکید قرار می دهد. لذا، یکی از عواملی که امکان تداوم حضور زنان در فضاهای شهری را امکان پذیر می سازد، نورپردازی است. نورپردازی بهتر، امنیت بیشتر و به تبع آن حضورپذیری گسترده تری را به دنبال خواهد داشت و نهایتا منجر به اجتماع پذیری بیشتر در عرصه های همگانی می شود. در این مقاله باهدف درک شرایط عرصه های همگانی شهرهای ایرانی در بحث نورپردازی و راهکاریابی برای حل مسائل احتمالی پرداخته شده است. در پژوهش فوق از شیوه مشاهده و مصاحبه برای درک رابطه بین حضور زنان در فضاهای شهری و نورپردازی در پارک ساعی تهران استفاده شده است و بدین منظور با 10 نفر از استفاده کنندگان خانم(بین 20 تا 50 سال) مصاحبه شده است و در دو نوبت صبح و شب به پارک ساعی رجوع شده و عکسبرداری شده است. بنابر شیوه های استفاده شده می توان بیان کرد که نورپردازی مناسب تاثیر زیادی بر افزایش امنیت و بالتبع آن افزایش حضورپذیری زنان در عرصه های همگانی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: نورپردازی، فضای شهری، حضور زنان، پارک ساعی، تهران
  • سینا شاه محمدی، عبدالرضا رحمتی صفحه 101
    در این مقاله مشخصات فنی و قسمت های مختلف مدار کنترل کننده ی ماژول LED با توان اسمی 65 وات که در شرکت صنایع الکترونیک افراتاب ساخته شده است، تشریح شده است. این مدار شامل بخش های اصلی مدار حفاظت و فیلتر EMI ورودی، مدار اصلاح ضریب توان با توپولوژی Boost و مدار درایور ماژول LED است که به صورت یک کنترل کننده جریان ثابت در محدوده تغییرات ولتاژ ورودی و بار خروجی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. ضری بتوان اندازه گیری شده در این مدار به ازای ولتاژ ورودی 230VAC بیش از 96 / 0 و اعوجاج هارمونیکی کل (THD) جریان ورودی آن کمتر از % 10 است. برخلاف مدار های کنترل کننده و منابع تغذیه بدون اصلاح ضریب توان، در این مدار پیک های شدید جریان ورودی و شکل موج غیر سینوسی با اعوجاج بالا وجود ندارد و شکل موج جریان ورودی شبه سینوسی و با مولفه های اعوجاج هارمونیکی با دامنه بسیار کم است و الزامات کلاس C استاندارد 2- 3- IEC61000 را به طور کامل بر آورده می سازد. با توجه به انتخاب مدارهای مجتمع به کار رفته و نحوه کارکرد این مدار، بازدهی بالا نیز از دیگر خصوصیات این کنترل کننده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اصلاح ضریب توان، اعوجاج هارمونیکی، مدار کنترل کننده ماژول
  • مجید میری، محسن کمپانی سعید صفحه 109
    در این مقاله با بهر هگیری از محاسبات اتونومی نور روز توسط نرم افزار دیسیم (Daysim) از طریق مطالعه موردی، ابتدا کمبودها و مشکلات موجود در قوانین مربوط به تامین روشنایی طبیعی در امر ساخت و ساز)به ویژه در رابطه با مبحث چهار از مقررات ملی ساختمان(شناسایی شده و سپس ضرورت تغییر در این قوانین مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. لازم به ذکر است که مطالعه مذکور جهت اتاق های واقع در بخش شمالی یک ساختمان مسکونی شمالی واقع در شهر قزوین که تنها از طریق پاسیو به روشنایی طبیعی دسترسی دارند، انجام گرفته است و از آنجائی که قوانین و شرایط اقلیمی شهر قزوین مشابهت بسیاری با اکثر شهرهای ایران دارد، نتایج مطالعه مذکور به دیگر مناطق کشور نیز قابل تعمیم می باشد. در ساختمان مورد مطالعه، گزینه های مختلف در شکل پاسیو، ابعاد آن و نیز مصالح مورد استفاده در دیواره های آن دسته بندی و مورد ارزیابی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. براساس نتایج محاسبات انجام شده، بهترین حالت به منظور دستیابی به یک روشنایی مناسب جهت اتاق های شمالی زمانی اتفاق م یافتد که در جدار دیواره بیرونی پاسیو از شیشه های مات استفاده شود.
    کلیدواژگان: پاسیو، مقررات ملی ساختمان، نور روز، اتونومی نور روز، ساختمان شمالی
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  • Ghodsieh Akbari Baseri, Maryam Mohammad Gholipour Page 1
    Having influential affects in human life, the Colour does not seem to be an obscure concept in everyday life; rather assumed so obviously clear that everyone has an articulated comprehension of it. This is a complicated question to answer because one needs to take part in professional debates, as well as to be experienced and knowledgeable about the applications of Colour in Art. Indeed, it is in practice that the real meaning of colour manifests itself. Otherwise, there is no comprehensive understanding of “the colour”. Colour is especially important in architecture and here I attempt to explore the inherent meaning of its application in Iranian architecture during Safavid period. It is generally accepted that in pre-modern cultures -and here, in the Islamic culture of Iranian society during Safavid era- there might be a powerful connection between art, on the one hand, and mysticism and Sufism, on the other hand. Towards a framework for therapeutic aspect of the status of colour “Iranian holy architecture” and “The secrets of colours in Imam Reza’s holy shrine” are the two main areas of the present study. Coloring is based on a mystical symbolic approach which is rooted in the symbolic epistemology. First: The great Sufism’s ideas about colour have been reviewed; such as Najm Kobra, Najm Razi, and Ala-Dollah Semnani. Second: Re-approaching the edifices; they are reviewed in accordance to the Sufism’s thoughts. Status of Colour in Islamic episteme and Mysticism; Views of: Najm Kobra, Najm Razi, and Ala-Dollah Semnani. In order to leave out the dark corporeity of the existence light and then to join the real light, according to three Muslim theosophists (Najm Kobra, Najm Razi, and Ala-Dollah Semnani), seven colourful secret statuses should be passed. The journey symbolizes the truth that the inward world is a kind of layered truth in which each colourful layer partially possesses a status of the most truthful light: the Green. Exploring the sacred codification of the colours in Imam Reza’s Shrine in Mashhad, and based on the contemplations of the Iranian great theosophists, it is realized that different locus in Iranian architecture (the outward world) might joy different status in the hierarchical positioning of the eternal truth. In the other words, in such building, representation of the truthful light in architecture is in coordination with the status of Qutb-i-Makan (the local pole); and this leads to the promotion of holy locus from a pure materialistic building into an ideal, secret, sacred location. In Imam Reza’s shrine, shallow light is connected to the eternal light of Imam, therefore she/he feels an inward peace after a long, inquisitive struggle against her/his innermost darkness. This struggle leads her/him to the hierarchical lights of enlightenment, and finally, to its 7th and the top stage, named the green light. According to the Muslim theosophists, this final stage of the hierarchy, represented in inward peacefulness enlightened with the green light, which is the sign of pilgrim’s enjoyment of the Tamkin (Locality) status. In the Tamkin status, the pilgrim totally fulfills her/his existential potentialities and God will exclusively inhabit in her/his heart. Thus, one might conclude that for theosophists, Tamkin and Nahayat (extremity) is essentially a locus rather than a status. On the other hand, pilgrim’s Izn-e Dokhul (the abracadabra pilgrim whispers in the entrance time in order to receive Imam’s admission) also shows that in her/his view the interred Imam is eternally alive and can hear pilgrims’ voice and answer them. Thus, the presence of Qutb-i-Makan or Imam, who possess the status of Tamkin, can promote the materialistic location of the shrine into a position named Makanat-al-Makan in religious language (the highest spiritual status). So the green colour can be found in the shrine, and the shrine is converted into an ideal locus of the green light. The Sheikh Lotf-Allah Mosque is the Ideal Locus of the Blue Colour/Light and the Chehel-Sotoun Palace is the Ideal Locus of the Red Light. At the end it can be stated that Comprehending the Qotb (the perfect human-being) as the enlightening existence; and according to the exclusive characteristics of the interior Qotb, each peace-making and peaceful status would manifest the material appearance (of the locus) with different colourful schemas.
    Keywords: Secret, Architecture, Status, Ideal Locus, Color Lights
  • Marzieh Hoomanirad, Mansoureh Tahbaz Page 11
    In traditional mosques, mystery of daylight presence has produced a wondrous alteration in the place and increased the spiritual quality of the space. In temporary mosques, usage of daylight is limited to the quantity of illumination and the quality properties of daylight are neglected. To discover the relationship between the architectural properties of praying space with its spiritual quality, this article has studied the cupola space of Ghoba mosque in Tehran credible theories according to two different fields of “physics of light” and “psychology of light”. Combined dome and altar, in which holiness is underlying spiritual atmosphere, is considered therefore the relationship between daylight and spiritual space in mosques is investigated. The lighting design of properties in the cupola space of Ghoba mosque is an appropriate case for assessing the relationship between architectural spaces and forms and opening regarding to the quality of daylight presence. The Style of dome skylight of Ghoba mosque (around the dome skylight) is considered as one of the two main methods of roof skylight for domed yard mosques which can be studied from two perspectives. In the first perspective, the light distribution pattern as the ceiling lighting system during the year is analysed and in the second view, the light distribution pattern associated with underlying space (the shabestan space of mosque and direction to Mecca) to assess the relationship between daylight and spiritual space is examined. Objectives of this research are to present the “daylight control strategies” for designing the prayer spaces, and “analysis method” for the spiritual quality of daylight. To examine the quality and quantity of light in the dome of mosque, specialized tools have been used to measure light such as simple lux meter (metering interior light), data logger lux meter (metering outdoor light) and luminance meter. To draw the illumination contours and daylight distribution pattern in a sample year, radiance software is used for simulation. Simulation results show that the minimum and maximum amount of light in dome space is the range of 150 to 300 lux which is appropriate for studying prayer books and Koran and. In general the brightness distribution is uniform although teh place has greater intensity in the morning than the afternoon. The results show that the openings influence the quality of light. Regarding to the forming roof design (karbandi) and network design, the entire roof is extensively a major factor in creating a uniform light distribution pattern in the building. There is a direct relationship between opening design factors and qualitative and quantitative aspects of light in space. Employing three factors of ceiling long height, the skylight and material surfaces to achieve uniform illumination in the dome design mosque is considered, but specific features of windows including the location, scale, form and proportion of the pillar glass influence on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of light. The canopies over windows impact on quality of light: To achieve soft light there are stylized wide area network openings in the roof which make it necessary to comparise between the glass and pillar. Openings of canopy prevent the direct rays of sunlight in vertical angles and break the light beams to achieve a stylized light. Due to the potential exposure bias, above skylight style, the ceiling for the spaces of worship practices is recommended. With in-depth look at the light of Ghoba mosque, we find the lack of attention to qualitative dimensions of light in contemporary architects. Most light designers, stage designers, photographers and cameramen take advantage from the ability to light for creating scenes and different feelings. Architects creatively aim to use qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural light for artistic design of the form (opening form and all their relevant factors and also the interior form). On the other hand; today, architects for utilization of effective qualitative lighting use the artificial lighting regardless of the Iranian art and rich architectural history in using natural light. This study differs from previous studies; used measurement tools, spiritual space analysis of light, considering the relationship of quantity (field data gathering) and quality of light (fantasy and poetics of light) are the originality of this research.
    Keywords: Quality, Quantity of Daylight, Spiritual Space, Ghoba Mosque, Radiance Software
  • Ahmad Ekhlassi, Majid Mofidi Shemirani, Nezamedin Anbari Ruzbahani Page 25
    This paper proposes a synthetic method in façade design; composition of Algorithmic Design Approach (ADA) and Iranian vernacular day lighting techniques to integrate art and technology in architecture evolutionary. Geometric patterns which make up the formal and ornamental structure of the vernacular Iranian day lighting devices could be merged with spirit of the age towards the integrated performance oriented façade design and engineering. ADA implies an algorithmic observing system to control the formal and spatial structures in architecture. This façade design method -composition of vernacular techniques and Algorithmic knowledge- not only provides acceptable responses to the environmental concerns but also comprises aesthetic features, well-proportioned with the contemporary streams and desires. In the other world, using contemporary modes of computation and geometric modeling with special regards to parametric design allows us to depart from the conventional typologies of Iranian-Islamic art and architecture in order to extend the existing boundaries and lead to the new possibilities to accommodate building’s faces with the new era demands for nonlinear, heterogeneous, complex skins while -in this case- they saved their climatic performance potentials. Because of combining attributes of both appearance and performance in a way unlike any other building parts, the architecture facade has been a focal point for building scientists and designers. From the article’s perspective to achieve the best result in façade design, integration between art and technology is needed. This integration could be established through innovation or via metamorphosis. In the present article, innovation based design is called revolutionary design approach while the metamorphosis based one is called evolutionary design approach. True architecture innovations must necessarily respect past achievements but architecture is connected to the place and time, it is connected to actions in time, qualifying temporal conditions and affecting our own passage of time. So the proper type of architecture changes through the time and place while it respects the old architectural lessons. Using vernacular design concepts and ideas in architecture, we may take advantages of examined solutions for the future architecture. That’s what we call metamorphosis in this paper. As it was described; Metamorphosis is the basic concept of evolutionary design approach in architecture. In the case of the article the main concept of contemporary façade design could be extracted from a previous solution. whereas architecture needs to be connected to the culture, its materiality changes via capturing forces from the current social demands and urban setting while it should be responsive to the environmental regulation and energy saving problems. Concerns about the global energy uses have increased the architects’ motivation to replace day lighting techniques and solar heat instead of electric lighting and regular heating and cooling systems. Iran as a hot-arid region has more than 280 sunny days. In one hand this amount o solar radiation provide a unique condition to use this environmental potential in different sustainable strategies for energy saving, on the other hand this issue makes it inevitable to control the undesirable effects of sun exposure and radiation through different shading devices. Using different design ideas in architecture, we may take advantage of natural lighting for the interior. Studies revealed different window concepts used in Iranian traditional architecture that will make clear the principles of the former, still rich in nature, which can give valuable lessons to modern architecture. The paper proposes an evolutionary approach in contemporary transparent façade design by means of evolving forms from previous Iranian vernacular architectural solutions the same as Orosis and its components. To this end, converting a vernacular- traditional day lighting device with ornamental definitions into a high-performance contemporary one could be achieved by parametric analysing coupled with geometrical practices as the main research method. Based on the above mentioned principles, it is expected that the evolutionary design approach which is rooted more deeply in the old experienced concepts, makes strong connection with the spirit of the age and social demands the same as identity issues while its climatic performance previously proved from the empirical field examinations. In conclusion, a specific case study using “Orosi” is presented as an example which is constructed from a lattice work (Moshabaks) and stained glass used in that lattice patterns. This different device and its parameters are also discussed regarding to the algorithmic design approach. The article used ADA on mentioned vernacular manner to combine attributes of both appearance and climatic performance to contemporize it.
    Keywords: Algorithmic Design Approach (ADA), Iranian Vernacular Day lighting Techniques, Parametric Modelling, contemporize
  • Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Movahed Siami Namin, Vahidreza Abossedgh Page 37
    Architecture has a lot to do with light and lighting and also with our perception especially in analysis of contemporary Iranian architecture. New technologies, especially night lighting technologies have changed the face of our modern cities. These new lighting technologies are among those technologies which may help sustainable high-tech architectural design process that roughly refers as sustecture. The role of new lighting technologies in sustainable energy and contemporary efficient architecture is explicit and inevitable. In other hand, contemporary Iranian architecture enjoys prosperous circumstances not only in Iran but also in future of Middle East. Especially “light” is a determining factor in contemporary architecture. The main aim of this research is to examine the transmission of light in the concepts of contemporary architecture. Literature review shows that new lighting technologies have made a prosperous context for night architecture as well as perception of contemporary Iranian architecture. Ancient examples show that light is generally presented in design and manufacture of glorious Iranian architecture. Theoretical framework of the research is based on latest developments, new technologies and recent scientific researches. Light symbolizes the manifestation of wisdom of body in Persian monuments. The application and status of light can be explained based on the meaning of identity in modern and postmodern terms. Using night lights after resurgence of nationalism and contemporary architecture in the years after the Islamic Revolution has got great importance. On the other hand, light is a metaphor for the hidden spiritual world which everything in its place to appreciate the intrinsic merit. Betchel believes that many designers to encourage more people to use museums; in order to engage in field research such as psychology and sociology. The analysis of contemporary architecture in Iran considers theoretical roots besides the functional specification “light”. Interior lighting design needs to fit with the needs of the target population of viewing Museum. Museums economically and socially need great care, nowadays. The gravity of building let us to investigate the parameters affecting the interest of our community. One of these parameters is named light and lighting. Test and analysis steps are depend on theoretical framework and also experimental and survey studies. Methodology of the paper emphasizes on a quantitative – qualitative approach for examination of our hypothesis. The adopted methodology relies on latest methods in analyzing night lighting and architecture technologies in contemporary architectural buildings and valuable historic monuments. To investigate the factors affecting the perception of contemporary architecture in Tehran Museum, six samples were selected. The lighting in the museum as one of the most important design parameters needs special attention. Therefore, identifying the viewpoints and opinions of community, by coordinating with existing rules and regulations, can result in better museum’s lighting design and help directors, choreographers and related factors. The results of the paper show that new lighting technologies impact public perceptions toward contemporary architectural buildings. The results indicate the meaningful relationship between adoption of new lighting technologies and quality of public understanding toward valuable monuments in conventional or historic districts. The ability to attract visitors to museums is inevitable and necessary. So for these projects with a great cost of implementing, return on investment and its positive impact on society, is highly regarded by government agencies. To achieve this, it is possible that in addition to the laws and regulations relating to the design of effective use of the tastes and opinions of individuals. The populations of this study are citizens of Tehran. Due to lack of technical knowledge about the objectives of this study, a common language should be used. The common language is called semantic differential method. The obtained results indicate the influence of light and lighting in contemporary architecture. The results of the paper show that new lighting technologies may effect on public perception regarding to contemporary architectural monuments. The results show that level of adoption process may impact explicitly on public perception of contemporary architectural buildings. Regarding to the results of the research, new lighting technologies and perception of contemporary Iranian architecture are correlated meaningfully. Therefore it may be recommendable to emphasize on adoption of latest achievements and usage of new lighting technologies in contemporary architectural buildings especially in contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Iran, because of their richness in cultural heritage and spiritual findings.
    Keywords: Night Architecture, New Lighting Technologies, Museum, Light, Contemporary Iranian Architecture
  • Sahar Sadigh Akbari, Roya Noori Page 45
    According to the impact of environmental psychology concepts on the quality of life, it is important to provide a favorable environment for patients when designing treatment spaces. Environmental psychology is an emerging specialty discipline which emphasizes on mutual impact of the architecture’s behaviors, factors, and physical status and the environment more than other aspects. Given the importance of treatment spaces, they should be a quite calm environment based on the needs of referrers. Light and color are of critical factors which affect physical health, psychological balance, and improvement of the quality of life. Most treatment space-related studies have focused on the physical concepts of hospitals, while disregarding the aesthetic subjective concepts. The present article has tried to investigate the importance of light and color in designing treatment spaces and how to transform a dreadful hospital space into a cheerful and calm environment based on the views of children as the referrers of these spaces. This research assumed that correct use of light and color can reduce fear, anxiety and highly affect the improvement trend of patient children and reduce their treatment course. As a place where human beings endure pain and find cure to their ailments, born and die in, the hospital is also an interesting subject from an architectural point of view, because it serves as a place where humans either pull through a critical medical condition or die in the process. The unfamiliar ambiance of the hospital can be unwelcoming and put a lot of stress on the patient and intensify his/ her tensions. The issue is more important when we are dealing with younger patients and children. Therefore, in order to enable the rehabilitation and treatment team engagement more effectively and interact better in order to be able to employ the treatment strategies to get better results in curing these children, the need for an optimum ambiance for treatment and rehabilitation is obvious. Additionally, taking environmental obstacles and even the parameters which are conducive to increasing the performance and appeal of the ambiance into consideration will result in more effective foundation of these environments. Nowadays, it is utterly necessary to put human aspects at the core of designing these centers, and through assessing the needs of the children, enhance the quality of these medical centers. The majority of researches conducted in this field shows the functional regulations and physical concepts of the hospital and turns a blind eye on subjective aesthetic concepts and the effects of the stressful hospital environment on the psyche of the children. Consequently we are witnessing the toll that is being taken on the society which puts the burden on the shoulder of the designers and researchers to pay attention to psychological elements in designing hospital architecture and contain the weaknesses in this regard. The results of the current research suggest that children are attracted to the beauty of the environments, regardless of the kind of beauty. Therefore, employing beautifying elements, such as color and light, in designing the ambiance can bring about tranquility, joy, happiness and a sense of belonging in the child. The present research is audience-oriented and points out to the fact that in addition to paying attention to the physical aesthetic aspects in the design of medical center for children, the subjective aesthetic aspects of design are very important as well with a keen focus on the opinions of those who avail of the ambiance. Considering what children need and what is attractive for them in medical environments, a proper arrangement of light for every space and relevant beautifying factors can turn the tense and stressful ambiance of a hospital into a happy relaxing environment. This descriptive survey was performed through oral and practical questions from 100 children of 6-10 years old. The results indicated that color and light play a significant role in children-specific spaces and disregarding them in hospital design will reduce the qualities of environment and treatment.
    Keywords: Environmental Psychology, Treatment Centers, Light, Color
  • Amirmohammad Akhavansaraf, Omid Khosravi Danesh, Raheleh Mazaheri, Bahar Zamani Page 55
    Urban design as a knowledge which aims to improve urban environment quality due to citizen’s perceptions and behavior, has accepted night and nightly urban landscape as an important part of life. Therefore, lightening can define city, landscape identity and night city image. Moreover, city lightening design is not only decorative but also very useful for safety and peace. Hence, improving urban spaces landscape, especially at night to encourage people to use urban spaces, becomes necessary. Nowadays, urban lighting based on no nab original patterns plays negative roles in environmental qualities as well as no identity through causing undesirable urban landscape. Emphasize on characteristics of area, using standards and raw patterns in international and even national level do not meet urban lighting demands. Diversity in configuration and structure of Iranian cities has led to specific identity for each city, however, unfortunately because of ignoring such features and lowering some local and native indices, there is uniform manner in the cities. The present paper aims to evaluate role of lighting to promote night life quality in Mashhad metropolis through focusing on light essentiality as one of the primary components of urban landscape. The studies of lighting strategically plan in Mashhad with about 30000 hectare area, in four biological-functional areas involved central, middle, western and suburb to evaluate aesthetical qualities in proportion to national and spiritual identity. Most update planning techniques in urban development aims to improve life style quality of citizens. On the other hand, it is worthy to note that the main purpose to conduct this project is not to lighten the whole city than to use light. Emphasizing on more creativities and innovations and applying newer techniques and better light application as a urban and social element to develop and improve environment are not always necessary, sometimes darkness rather than lighting should be emphasized in some parts of city. Therefore, through the approach of this paper, light would not be used only in the central part of the city (businesses, services land uses, etc.) and as an aesthetic factor. Therefore, paying attention on abandoned area aesthetics and it’s beautify should be followed emphasizing on qualitative streets lighting and urban spaces. Hence, by referring to various sources and literatures, field and library studies it was found that the issues of urban lighting in Mashhad metropolis, dimensions and spheres of influence are so diverse and broad. Strategies to achieve specific application can be integrated and functional. So, in such these studies, in the first step, the size, scale and scope of urban lighting discussion were examined and classified. The second step was to identify the range of actions on integrating and implementing studies and postgraduate studies about the provisions of the migration, the design of active, lively, safe and memorable for all citizens, tourists and travelers. The urban landscape at night with special lighting issue were analyzed and attempted to reset the objectives, strategies and adjust the recommendations. The final step is to define the action of local projects - the subject and developing standards and guidelines in specific areas in the general and the particular manners. The results of evaluations showed that to perpetuate urban life during night, some achievements and facilities may be taken as strategic plans for Mashhad night lighting to meet civilization life development demands via social interactions and urban spaces productivities. Social equity via covering all public spaces, economic development via making new opportunities for investment and urban tourism, and fortifying religious cultural identity focusing on cultural symbols are results of promoting Mashhad dignity in national and international scales.
    Keywords: Urban Design, Night Life Quality, Lighting, Pilot Projects, Mashhad Metropolis
  • Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad, Samaneh Khabiri, Kimia Maleki Page 67
    Although urban lighting can make a positive contribution to the character and utility of urban spaces, it’s often designed only in respect to the visual welfare and visibility aims. It’s important to consider in all urban space lighting designs that lighting plans in addition to providing visibility, safety and security have to play a key role in improving the function of urban spaces, quality of urban nightlife, image of urban spaces at nighttime, character and identity of urban spaces. This study shows that urban spaces lighting simultaneously have to pursue three main objectives including functional, aesthetic-cognitive and identity-oriented aims. Functional objectives as primary ones are aimed to provide good visibility, safety and security, and to improve nightlife economy, urban tourism and livability of urban spaces at night time. Aesthetic-cognitive objectives can enhance legibility, visual attractiveness, image and orientation in urban spaces at nighttime. Finally the identity-oriented objectives aim to create a strong sense of place and help to maintain the character and uniqueness of urban spaces. Proficiency of an urban lighting designer is to consider these different dimensions of urban spaces’ lighting to benefit from all advantages of lighting plans. The importance of this issue in urban squares is due to their special role in shaping social and physical identity, as one of the main public spaces of cities. This paper aims to reach a lighting design guideline for urban squares which provides a checklist of criterion that is applied in evaluating certain case studies. In order to identify of this guideline, subjective expectations of urban squares are recognized which are spatial determinant, integrity, immobility, and sociability. Spatial determinant in urban squares refers to the sense of enclosure, considering the bounds of space and ease of space perception as a whole by its users. Integrity means the ability of urban square to be consider as a unite space which is not separate to sub spaces. Sociability and immobility of urban squares refers to the ability of these spaces to gather people together and facilitate social interactions in sedentary and immobile behaviors. The second step to reach the guideline is to identify principals of urban spaces lighting in three main categories including contextuality, lighting equipment design, and visual welfare. Contextuality includes four principles namely functional and conceptual compatibility, history and legibility. Lighting equipment design principals categorized in three sub criterion include location and placement, form, maintenance and sustainability of lighting source. Visual welfare includes lighting level, glare limitation, harmonious distribution of brightness and color rendering. Eventually these principals are redefined in a way to enhance the subjective expectations of urban squares. A number of case studies, regional squares in the city of Tehran with various characteristics are chosen and assessed by the systematic self-observation supported by application of evaluation criteria. Findings show that the main purpose of lighting plans in Tehran’s squares is to provide visual welfare. Glare limitation has the highest and color rendering has the lowest significance amongst visual welfare principals in Tehran squares lighting design. Lighting equipment design significantly is the second criteria that has been considered in Tehran squares lighting plan. Findings show that maintenance and sustainability has the highest significance amongst lighting equipment design principals and form is neglected in almost all studied squares. Study of the contextuality in case studies show functional compatibility has the highest significance amongst its principals. Conceptual compatibility has the lowest, history has the second, and legibility has the third significance amongst contextuality principals. Low scores for Conceptual compatibility of lighting plans of Tehran regional squares demonstrate ignorance of identity and historical potential of these places, specially the old ones. As a result, functional qualities such as nightlife, livability, and night economy and cognitive qualities namely image, orientation and legibility have decreased in these urban places. This study show that urban lighting is not a one-dimensional process and purely technical task and in respect to it’s various objectives need to define different methods and principals in each urban spaces and corporation of different professions namely architecture, urban design, urban planning and lighting technical design. Identification of each different urban space lighting principals need accurate recognition and study of the place and its subjective expectations at first step. Study of lighting objectives and users of the place is the final step to achieve the principals of the urban space lighting design.
    Keywords: Urban Lighting, Urban Squares, Light Pollution, Visual Comfort
  • Ata Ahmadian, Kaveh Ahmadian Tazehmahale, Sasan Rezadoust Page 85
    Plants need a constant energy resource which they receive from the light. In nature, plants get the energy from the sun. light is essential for photosynthesis, flowering, seed germination and production of pigments. Since 1880 that the first incandescent lamp was invented by Edison, plants like humans and animals are faced with new sources of light, but the most negative environmental effects of light was since 1960 with the advent of sodium vapor light bulbs. Due to the high intensity and spectrum of light from yellow to orange, the herb induces a feeling of autumn. Three important features of light like intensity, duration and quality have influenced on various aspects of plant life. Sun light contains the full spectrum of light and all colors used by plants, however the red and blue lights play the greatest role in photosynthesis. Red light causes plant growth and flowering but if the plant receives only red lights, it grows longitudinal but remains weakly. Also the blue light causes plant growth but getting that alone causes the thickness of leaves and branch of plants. However, the combination of red and blue light enhances the photosynthesis in plants. The use of artificial light for increasing the production of greenhouse crops, increasing of plant growth, simulate flowering and… has been known previously. Nowadays with the change of light intensity and spectrum of secondary metabolite production, herb ingredient and protein in legumes is controlled. However unconsidered lighting in urban spaces, roads and parks has produced devastating effects challenged the annual cycle of growth, restructuring and successful overwintering of trees. Also excessive area of leaf, weakness of root system, not falling of leaves in autumn, increase of harmful substances such as nitrates in leafy vegetables, increased sensitivity to air pollution and hardness of water are significant adverse effects of lighting. Accordingly, use of fluorescent and metal halide bulbs in the green area, change the radiation of the light to the sidewalk and streets, lack of lighting up, turning off or reducing the light intensity in hours of the night are some strategies to counter the deleterious effects of light recommended in plant life. To determine the effect of light during the night on flowering time of ornamental plants in urban green space an experimental research was conducted in the greenhouse research center of Islamic Azad University of Khoy branch in the summer 2013. In this experiment, several kinds of flowers like Chrysanthemum, Petunias, Lantana, were put under four lightcontrol, to simulate conditions of parks and urban green space, including sodium vapor lamps, metal halide lamps, fluorescent lamps and darkness. Experiment was based on the random complete black design with four repetitions. Lighting was done after sunset until sunrise of the next day (except for the control treatment). Photoperiod of selected plants belongs to different types of optical rotation. The reason of choosing these three types of plants is their utilizations in parks and urban green spaces and their different light requirement. Chrysanthemum and Lantana flowers need short day and long nights to bloom and Petunia needs long day and short nights for flowing so we used artificial light sources to make especial condition to check the effects of lighting on the flowers at night. The results showed that from the light sources, sodium vapor lamp had significant effect on flowering time and growth rate of tested plants. This study was done in two months and the measurement times were every fifteen days in four times. Metal halide lamps also had a positive effect on plants leaf area. Also light supply after sunset could keep the photosynthetic cycle of plants and increase their growth. Despite the fact that the wave length of the metal halide and sodium vapor light bulbs are similar and 400 to 700,the observed effects were different. So the effects of metal halide lamps were similar to darkness and we could say that this lamp is a safe source of lighting in green spaces. Also the sodium vapor and fluorescent lamps result the important cycles delay and is not recommended for lighting of the green areas and parks.
    Keywords: Keywords: Photoperiod, Night Lighting, Sodium Vapor Lamp, Metal Halide Lamp, Flowering
  • Mostafa Behzadfar, Somayeh Jalilisadrabad, Samaneh Jalilisadrabad Page 93
    Women account for half of the world population while due to their special physical and mental characteristics, they are considered as vulnerable group in society. In this regard, “Fukuyama” outlines the reasons that indicate vulnerability of women compared with men (Fukoyama, 2000, p. 79). Women also count as vulnerable group against the insecurities. The needs of all citizens, especially women are not considered in designing and planning of public spaces, so the use of women from public urban area and their active participation are much less than men. Different genders inevitably make difference needs and subsequently behaviors led to the creation of various activities which need their especial frameworks. Therefore, the urban spaces should be tailored to the needs of women and their safety. Among all citizens, the presence of women and their public participation in urban areas and also the establishment of normal social interaction are more ignored. However, the continued dynamic presence of such groups in urban public areas guarantees their stability. In the other side, one of the major application areas in cities is parks and green spaces. Urban green spaces typically are one of urban land surfaces covered by manmade vegetation with ecological and social efficiency. Parks as public recreation areas always include active participation of people because they are mainly low-cost locations and available for fun, social interaction and conserving the cities’ identity. Thus, improving the quality of the public spaces through the lighting is causing citizens’ presence. Lighting, in all hours of the day and night, is critical for urban spaces. Today, urban lighting performs to strengthen the functions of urban spaces and create a night landscape. Urban Lighting Design enhances the sense of security with lightening dark corners and hidden defenseless spaces, and makes the distinction between public and private areas. From the functional viewpoint, dispersion of active bright points in urban spaces, appropriate lighting to bring out the commercial activities facilities and Lighting of important social spaces will make active participation of people in such public places and therefore, urban environments are controlled by them. Lighting is one of the main factors that sustain women in urban spaces. Better lighting makes more safety and consequently leads to greater presence in the public areas. In general, urban space should be possible to create optional activities such as walking, breathing clean air, and enjoying social activities such as greetings and conversation. This means that urban public spaces should have the potential to meet the needs of different social groups not only aims to provide essential needs, but also to make social relations and the joy in the space. As a result, the criteria for environmental compliance and design spaces should be considered responsively for women to increase their presence. The main aim of this paper was to understand the public areas in Iranian cities and their Lighting to discuss about possible solution for the issue of women presence in public spaces. The observation and interview methods are used to understand the relationship between women presence in urban areas and lighting at Saei Park of Tehran. For this purpose, 10 female visitors of that park (20 to 50 years old) were interviewed on two occasions of morning and evening. Thus it can be concluded that appropriate lighting can enhance security and consequently increase women presence in public areas.
    Keywords: Lighting, Urban, Women Presence, Saei Park, Tehran
  • Sina Shahmohammadi, Abdolreza Rahmati Page 101
    Use of LED light sources in urban lighting have grown substantially and have attracted so much attention. Due to the increasing utilization of LED floodlights and LED streetlights in urban lighting, observing the technical points and realization of the standard requirements in design of different parts of LED light sources should be taken into consideration. A Typical LED light source consists of different parts such as LED module, control gear, heat sink, optical and mechanical parts. It should be pointed out that the significant LED features such as low power consumption, long lifetime and acceptable light quality are not achievable unless the technical requirements to be considered in design of control gear. Therefore, appraising the technical specifications of a control gear or LED driver and improve them are very essential. Among different types of control gears for driving LED modules, the switching mode control gears with constant current output is of great interest. In the other words, the amount of luminous flux and the quality of generated light cannot be correctly predicted by applying a constant voltage control gear. While the current constant control gear can be used to have a desired luminous flux and light quality in spite of temperature variation or input voltage change. In this paper, technical specifications and various stages of a constant current LED module control gear which has been built in Afratab Electronics Industry Co. have been illustrated. This control gear with the rated power of 65W is a switching mode control gear with constant current output. This control gear has been used to drive an LED module consisting of 60 series connected high power LEDs. At input voltage of 230 VAC the measured output voltage of 187 V and the measured output current of 343.6 mA have been obtained. Having change in the input voltage of control gear form 230 VAC to 260 VAC leads to only 0.17% change in current output. Furthermore, having change in the input voltage from 230 VAC to 170 VAC leads to less than 0.06% change in current output. Therefore, a current constant output control gear is realized in spite of changing the input voltage from 170VAC to 290 VAC. In addition, having reduction in the number of LEDs series from 60 to 55 (8.3% reduction in load of LED module) results only a 3.3% increase in current output of control gear. The built control gear also includes the main parts of the protection circuit and EMI input filter, Boost power factor correction and constant current LED module driver which are applicable in the range of input voltage and load change. The EMI input filter has been used to eliminate the common mode and differential mode noise. In other words, it prevents noise transmission from the utility to the circuit and vice versa. Moreover, the protection circuit protects the control gear from fault conditions such as excessive currents, inrush currents and excessive transient voltages. The power factor correction stage uses the Boost topology. This stage made the input current circuit nearly sinusoidal and in phase with the mains voltage. The measured power factor (PF) of this control gear is more than 0.96 and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current is less than 10% at rated voltage of 230VAC. Unlike the drivers and power supplies without power factor correction stage, sharp peaks in current waveform and non-sinusoidal input current waveform with high (THD) does not exist in this control gear and the current waveform is quasi-sinusoidal with very low harmonic distortion components. In addition, the requirements of class C of IEC61000-3-2 are completely realized. For driving the LED module with appropriate current and voltage, the modified Buck topology has been applied. This stage is a step-down switching mode circuit and control on time and off time of the power switch to generate a constant current for LED module. Adjustable current output in accordance with the specifications of the LEDs used in LED module is another characteristic of this circuit. Because of the chosen integrated circuits and the operation of them based on switching mode, high efficiency is also another feature of this control gear.
    Keywords: Power Factor Correction, Harmonic Distortion, LED Module Control Gear
  • Majid Miri, Mohsen Kompani Saeed Page 109
    Nowadays most people spend majority of their life indoors. Since accessing to a good view and enough daylight links to the relief of boredom and stress, more social interaction, better visual performance, higher productivity, improve general well-being, and even reduce discomfort glare, they should be considered as one of the main driving forces in the design process. However in this paper, our main focus is on daylight access and we skip the view. So, when are any spaces eligible for being defined as daylight? In general a daylight room is a space, only or predominantly, dependent on natural light mostly throughout the year. Now the question is how building designers can be sure about their designed space to be ranked as daylight. One way is to propose and create a daylight chapter in buildings regulations or recommendations and ask architects and engineers to follow it. At the moment there are some rules directly or indirectly connected to assure enough daylight access. Therefore how much existing Iranian building regulations can help us to insure the sufficient access to daylight for regularly occupied spaces of buildings is the main goal of this paper. To insure enough natural light access for a building, the existing building rules divides the interior spaces to two different areas; the first one is those rooms that have only access to daylight indirectly through a patio, atrium, or other similar spaces, while the second is the spaces directly connected to the outside through their windows or skylights. Then regarding to the regulation for the former rooms, based on the total building property area, it defines the patio area for each one, while for the latter rooms the minimum windows area are calculated based on the rooms’ floor area and their depth. So none of them discuss about other parameters or elements like the materials reflectance, architectural layout configurations, building orientations, buildings functions, shading devices, occupancy schedules, surrounding obstructions, etc. that affect directly or indirectly on daylight quality and quantity of indoor spaces. For doing such assessments, the starting point is to define which type of daylight analysis metrics is needed to achieve acceptable results. As a dynamic daylight metric considers different climate conditions throughout a year, it gives us much more reliable results than other daylight metrics. It usually uses a relevant weather data file representing the prevailing conditions measured at the site. Between all different types of dynamic daylight metrics we choose Daylight Autonomy. The daylight autonomy in a building is defined as the percentage of occupied hours per year, when the minimum illuminate level can be maintained by daylight alone. To make any computer simulations, we need a 3D model. So for this project, we created it in Revit software and then imported it into Ecotect software. We used Ecotect to adjust the model for exporting to Daysim software. Daysim is a validated Radiance based computer program and we used it to calculate Daylight Autonomy. The next step is to define our case study. So we chose a 4-story apartment in the city of Qazvin located in 150 km northwest of Tehran. Here, all analyzes were done only for the rooms located in the northern side of building with access to natural light just through an atrium. Since Qazvin climate is similar to many other cities in Iran, we can generalize the findings of this paper to some other cities in the country. To evaluate the daylight condition of this case study, different atrium shapes with different surrounding materials were chosen and analyzed. Based on the findings of this paper, for increasing the natural light access of those rooms that are indirectly connected to outside through a medium like patio, atrium or courtyard, the best way is applying transparent or translucent materials on the exterior wall of that intermediate space. So more daylight can come into the rooms and larger area of sky dome can be seen from each window in the room. In this case, it is recommended to orient the atrium in a way that its longer axes are parallel to the building exterior northern wall. Otherwise, in case of having no possibility to apply a transparent or translucent material on the patio wall facing outside, we should limit the number of apartment stories to the maximum of three. In this case it is better to make the patio shape more square-like rather than rectangular. Moreover, it is clear that applying higher reflectance material for each of architectural elements like walls, floors, ceiling, etc. and also higher glass transmission for the windows make the rooms lighter and brighter. Although all different cases comply with the existing Iranian building regulations and designed based on their recommendations and rules, the annual daylight conditions of the interiors were different. It means that the existing rules are not enough to ascertain enough access of indoor areas to daylight. So we can conclude that we should revise or reconsider the existing building regulations in accordance with the latest progress in daylight analysis and day lighting design of the buildings.
    Keywords: Patio, Iranian National Building Codes, Daylight Autonomy