نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 19 (بهار 1394)

The aim of this study was to compare anticipation skill and visual search behavior among skilled (n=14) and novice basketball players (n=14) with an age range of 20 to 35 years (M=24. 57). The Participants watched video clips of 1 on 1 and 3 on 3 situations game، presented on a large screen. The participants were asked as quickly and accurately as possible by moving right، left and backward to simulate the interception of the pass or attack. Participant’s visual search behavior، Response time and accuracy collected continuously by using Eye Tracking and Reaction Time device. The results about anticipation skill show that، skilled players total in both situations (1 on 1، 3 on 3) are better than novice players. Although there were no different in number and duration fixations in skilled and novice players. But there were a significant different between groups in duration viewing time on each area of the display. In general it can be stated that Factors involved in the various fields of expertise in sports can clarify the important factors in training and education، facilitate and influence.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy effectiveness on transfer of learning motor skill. In particular; it was assumed that the interval-accuracy (ID)، that is an obvious factor in movement time، may determining effect in transfer learning motor. When the interval-accuracy is maintained higher transmitting can be performed than just an agent change. In this study، 71 boys between age 9 to be 12 years old، who had no experience in basketball، practicing free throw basketball with different index of difficulty in 9 different groups. After 200 efforts in 10 blocks that each blocks has 20 efforts، Participants underwent transfer testing. Results of ANCOVA based on their score on the test، showed better transfer of learning was in the group that had the same index of difficulty. It can be inferred that the interval-accuracy in obtaining effective control strategy، which is used during training. It can be concluded from these results that the index of difficulty and maintaining this ratio may be effective to increase the transmission rate. We suggest that، Coaches teaching the skills of play with the maintaining of task''s index of difficulty to increase the transfer of learning.

The aim of present study was investigating the effect of electromyography in the external focus distance on dart throwing. The subjects included 20 male physical education students aged 19-24 years in Kharazmi University. We used a dart throwing task، and participants were instructed to direct their attention either to the target (distal focus) or the flight of the dart (proximal focus). All participants performed two 24- trial blocks on each condition. Data analyses conducted with using paired sample t test. The results showed that increasing distance of external focus affects positively on performance accuracy (radial error P=0. 003، Two- Dimensional Error P=0. 01. (But it doesn’t effect on muscles EMG activity (P>0. 05). The instruction of distal external foci will lead to more accuracy than proximal external foci and therefore results better performance of the dart throwing skill. Also، results indicated that different condition of external focus of attention doesn’t lead to increase in muscle activity and therefore have not effect on individual performance. To more accurate performance، the instructors can attract their apprentice attention into instructions of distal external focus.

The purpose of this study was the effect of aerobic exercise on social interaction in children with mentally disable. Research community were Babolsars'' children with mentally disable in 1390-1391 Academic year، 24 of 58 children with mentally disable (age =9±2 years) were selected and divided into two prayer groups and controls groups randomly. To assess the social interaction the Dadkhah social interaction questioner was used. Quasi-experimental method with pre- test and post- test design with a control group was used for this research. As a result of this research 8 weeks aerobic exercise could increase social interaction in children with mentally disable (P≤0. 001). Finally، we can conclude the nature of aerobic exercise can increase social interaction in children with mentally disable.

The aim of present study was examine the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning of a throwing task in 10 years old children with Autism spectrum disorder in Hamadan city. The subjects of the study included 20 children (10 years old) who suffered with Autism spectrum disorder in Hamadan city that assigned to self-controlled and yoked groups randomly and practiced throwing of 100 (gr) bean bag with non-dominant hand and eyes closed، in order to prevent of knowledge of their results. During the acquisition phase، we gave to our self-controlled group verbal feedback، whenever they asked for it which included direction and amounts of their performance، in the same time the yoked group replicated the feedback schedules of their counterparts in self-controlled group without any choice، the only difference was the ability of control feedback. After 24 hours participants performed retention test which included performing of 10 trials without any feedback. The analysis of data with ANOVA، repeated measure and T test showed that، in acquisition phase، differences between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups was not significant but it was significant in retention test (p≤ 0. 05). These finding confirm that self-controlled feedback even in children with genetically disorder due to more active involvement in learning process and increase of motivation is more beneficial for learning.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the role pre-performance routines (PPRs) on performance of basketball free-throws under competitive pressure. Twenty elite female basketball players were required to perform basketball free-throws under low and high pressure conditions. In the first phase، the participants performed 20 basketball free-throws under a low pressure condition. Their PPRs were detected in this phase. In the second phase، the participants were matched into two experimental groups based on their performance in the first phase. Then they were required to perform 20 basketball free-throws under a high pressure condition (competition). In this session، the first group was required to perform all of their free throws in the presence of the specific routines، while the other group was required to perform the free throws in the absence of the routines. The accuracy of basketball free-throws was compared under low and high pressure conditions between groups. The results showed that PPRs modified choking under pressure effects. In conclusion، PPRs were found to have a positive role on the performance of basketball free-throws.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of resistance and balance on ball exercise on the balance for females 60-75 years-old. In order to achieve this goal، 42 subjects were randomly divided into three groups: the balance on ball training group (N=14)، the resistance training group (N=14) and the control group (N=14). The subjects of two training groups were attended in the exercise sessions for 8 weeks، three times per week. The one foot standing test with open and closed eyes and 8-foot up and go test were used to collect the data. The statistical tests such as ANOVA with repeated measure test (inner group difference) and General linear model multivariate (between group differences) were used. the results show that the balance on ball training for eight weeks had a significant effect on the open- eyed static balance (P=0. 04) but has no effect on the close-eyed static balance and the dynamic balance. In the resistance training group، after eight weeks of training، the significant effect was observed in static balance with eyes open (P=0. 001) and closed (P=0. 03) and the dynamic balance (P=0. 001). Therefore to improve balance in old women eight week resistance training have significant effects than eight week balance training on ball.

The Present study aimed at constructing and determining pcycometric properties of the sport success scale (SSS). After utilizing the broad theoretical foundation and experts opinion، the initial draft consisting of 38 questions was administered on 305 (205 men and 100 women) elite athletes which were selected via cluster random sampling. The Principal Components Analysis and Varimax Normalized Rotation was applied for measuring structural validity. Ultimately، 29 questions، which had positive correlation with all questions and had a minimum loading higher than 0. 35 on a single factor، were selected. Factor analysis defined 6 factors includes components (Flow state، Attention، Technique، Sensitivity to error، Commitment، Achievement) which encompassed 67. 68% of the total variability of the data. The measure of scale reliability with using internal consistency (. 89) and test-retest reliability after a 21 day interval (0/90) showed that the SSS possessed suitable reliability coefficients. All together، results of the present study showed that the SSS had satisfactory reliability and validity and it is considered a suitable tool for measuring sport achievement.