مجله سلامت و بهداشت
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 21، تابستان 1394)

4-chlorophenolisone of the phenol derivatives that enters the environment from various sources. 4-chlrophenol ranks the primary pollutant agent. This study evaluated the efficiency and kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions by sunlight and zinc oxide nanoparticles.

This is an empirical study and Experiments were performed in the batch system. Determined dosage of ZnO nanoparticles was added to 4-chlorophenol solution (25-200ppm) and samples were allocated under the sunlight during midday hours in summer. Effects of parameters such as ZnO loading، pH، contact time and initial concentration of the polluter 4-chlrophenol were investigated. The remaining concentrations of 4-chlorophenol were analyzed using HPLC. Removal of total organic carbon was measured by TOC analyzer.

The results showed that removal efficiency of 4-chlorophenol was achieved 72%in presence of solar energy as means of energy source at both neutral and alkaline pH and catalyst dosage of 1. 5grL-1. Efficiency increased as increasing pH and contact time. The photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlrophenol was best fitted with Langmuir–Hinshelwood model، and can be described by pseudo-first order kinetic.

In general، 4-chlorophenols can be significantly degraded from aqueous solution by using sunlight as the energy source for the reaction and nano-sized zinc oxide as catalyst.

The breakfast as the most important meal is ignored more than other meals by children and adolescents. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of education based on knowledge, perception and performance about having Breakfast on primary school student boys.

This quasi-experimental study (controlled type) was conducted in 2013 on 200 primary school student boys in Qom city into both case (n=100) and control(n=100) groups. Random sampling was used. Data were collected using researcher-made questionnaire based on HBM constructs, which its validity and reliability was confirmed. Educational intervention included of three 45-minute sessions of the group discussion, lecture, question and answer, role play and pamphlets delivery. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Before the intervention, there wasn’t significant differences in terms of knowledge and perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and performance in both case and control groups. While these factors were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group and perceived barriers have fallen after the intervention (p<0.05).

Designing HBM-based educational programs can be effective on student's eating behaviors. Regarding the important role of students as the future generation and also low cost of health education compared to other activities in this area, such programs need to be extend and expand.

Chlorophenols, commonly found in most industrial waste products are persistent compounds in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate performance of modified Na-MMT nanoclay using cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide in the removal of 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions. This study was implemented under laboratory scale and in a batch flow adsorption reactor. The influence of various parameters such as modification in different pH conditions, initial pH of solution, loading rates of the surfactant, adsorbate concentration, 4-chlorophenol concentration, contact time were evaluated, the raw and modified nanoclay structure was investigated using XRD and FTIR spectrum.The experimental data were evaluated with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic. The results showed that removal of 4-chlorophenol increased by increasing the pH of solution from 3 to 11, as the maximum absorption of 4-chlorophenol was achieved at initial solution pH of 11 and for modified nanoclay in acidic conditions pH was4.5.Onthese conditions and after 120 min, the removal efficiency was obtained by 94.5%.Removal efficiency of 4-chlorophenol increased from 69.25% to 94.5% as surfactant loading increased from 0.25 to 2 CEC of the nanoclay, while increased loading surfactant from 3 to 4decreasedremoval efficiency. With increasing concentrations of 4-chlorophenol and adsorbent dose the removal efficiency, respectively, decreased and increased. Absorption of 4-chlorophenol on cationic modified nanoclay was consistent with Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Maximum absorption capacity (qm) was obtained 25.77 mg/g FTIR analysis revealed that the modification was successfully achieved due to the bands at 2919, 2851 and 1469 cm−1. After modification, XRD results showed that basal spacing value increase from 17 Ao to 24 Ao Cationic surfactant-modified nanoclay with tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide by changing the properties of the adsorbent from hydrophilic to hydrophobic leads to increased efficiency of the absorbent in the absorption of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous environments.

Today, medication errors has important role in reducing patient health and rising health care costs. Aim of this study was to evaluate frequency of medication errors and factors influencing the failure to report of medical errors. This study were cross-sectional and conducted in 2012, nurses community in Qazvin teaching hospitals were studied. A sample of 24 nurses selected according to the formula of the sample size and Survey instruments and consisted of three parts: Demographic information, Types of medication errors and barriers to reporting medication errors. Test-Retest test was equal to 86%. The average age of nurses participating in this study was 31 years old and the average work experience of nurses was 7.89 years. Most errors related to infusion rate and drug sensitivity with an average error of 2.20 and 1.92 respectively. The lowest frequency was errors of prescription with mean of 1.28. The highest value of the reporting was process barriers with 2.78 and Average minimum amount of administrative barriers with 2.22. The role of nurses is crucial to prevent medication errors.Managers have to provide educational programs for teaching to nurses and notifying them of the importance of correct medication reports.

In recent years, Electrocoagulation process (ECP) method has attracted great attention as an ecofriendly and cost-effective process to treat broad range of inorganic and organic contaminants from water and wastewater. The efficacy of an ECP was evaluated for the treatment of furfural from wastewater. In experimental study, the batch mode of operation of ECP an approximate volume of 500 ml which is equipped with four Fe-Fe, Al-Al and Al-Fe electrodes (150*50*1mm) that were connected in three modes namely, mono polar parallel (MP-P), monopolar-serial (MP-S), and bipolar-serial (BP-S). The effect of operating parameters such as electrodes connection, type of electrodes, wastewater pH (3-9), applied voltage (5 - 25 v), concentration of furfural (100 - 1000 mg/l) and reaction times (2- 30 minutes) were evaluated.Concentration of furfural was determined using spectrophotometer at wavelength of 278 nm. Experimental data showed that the maximum furfural removal (92%) was achieved using Fe-Al as the anode–cathode electrode arrangement in mono-pollar serial connection and neutral pH level. The increase in voltage from 5 to 25v at optimum electrode and pH conditions increased furfural removal from 65% to 92% during the ECP. This study indicated that the types of electrode used and electrodes connecttion modeare very important in ECP. Finally, experimental data suggested that the ECP could be efficient in eliminating furfural from wastewater and thus may be a promising technique for treating contaminated stream.

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is one of the applications of membrane technology for wastewater treatment. A submerged MBR, in which membranes are directly submerged into the aeration tank, received more attention because of several advantages such as a better and more reliable effluent quality. In the present study, application of submerged membrane bioreactor in pilot scale for removal of chemical oxygen demand (average influent COD=230.6 mg/L, standard deviation=18.8 mg/L), total suspended solids (average influent TSS=104.2 mg/L, standard deviation=19.4 mg/L) and turbidity as Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (average influent turbidity=44.3 NTU, standard deviation=6.1 NTU) from raw influent waste water to Karaj wastewater treatment plant in different hydraulic retention time (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours) was surveyed. The results of this study showed that in 4 hours hydraulic retention time, the average effluent of COD, TSS and turbidity were 9.2 mg/L, less than 1 mg/L and 0.3 NTU, respectively. The mentioned parameters in 6 hours hydraulic retention time were 7.3 mg/L, less than 1 mg/L and 0.28 NTU, respectively. These parameters in 8 hours hydraulic retention time were 7 mg/L, less than 1 mg/L and 0.25 NTU, respectively. In 10 hours hydraulic retention time the mentioned parameters were 6.2 mg/L, less than 1 mg/L and 0.17 NTU, respectively. And in 12 hours hydraulic retention time were 4.3 mg/L, less than 1 mg/L and 0.16 NTU, respectively. This research showed that high treatment efficiencies of MBR for COD, TSS and turbidity at all operating conditions. Therefore, this technology could be regarded as a promising treatment stage for different applications of wastewater effluent reuse.

Organizational justice is the term that is used for description of justice in job situations. Perception of injustice has disturbing effects on sprit of team work, because it affects the effort of human power and employees motivation. Purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between organizational justice and employee’s productivity in selected educational hospitals at Tehran University of medical sciences in 2011.

This study is correlational-descriptive survey. A sample of 123 employees from selected hospitals of Tehran university of medical sciences. Two questionnaires (Organizational Justice & Employees Productivity) were used for data collection. SPSS software was used for data analysis using Spearman and ANOVA.

Perceived organizational justice was most in Rasul hospital (109.1 from 175) and was the least was in Motahhari hospital (98.1 from 175). Level of organizational justice has significant difference among hospitals (p<0.01). Employees productivity was most in Rasul hospital (89.8 from 130) compared to the least one in Firuzgar hospital (86.4 from 130). Level of Employees productivity has significant difference among hospitals (p<0.01). There was positive and significant relationship between organizational justice and their dimensions with employees productivity (p<0.01).

Perceived organizational justice was lower than mediocrity and employees productivity was more than mediocrity. Thus managers should plan and act for improving perceived organizational justice and employees productivity.

Hypertension is one of the most important causes of premature preventable deaths in the world.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of family counseling on blood pressure on patients with hypertension. This is an experimental study. The sampling method was multi-stage Sampling. In the first stage 24 primary health centers was randomly selected and then randomly divided in two control and interventional groups. Then in each group based on age and sex 96 patients (n=96) were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria included having care records, the primary blood pressure and age over 30 years were. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that its validity and reliability confirmed by experts and Cornbrash’s alpha coefficient (79%). Counseling session was held for family member of patients in the intervention group for a month blood pressures before and 2 months after the intervention of measurement were recorded. Independent T test, paired and chi-square analysis were used to analyze data. Unlike the control group, mean score of systolic pressure decreased significantly from 138.9 to 125.4 and diastolic pressure from 85.15 to 80.57 in interventional group (p<0.001). Counseling with the family has an effective role on blood pressure control and it is recommended to have an effective method to controlling blood pressure in health care.

Several methods are available for cleaning ammonia gas from the air stream. It seems that acid scrubbing by packed column is more successful than other methods. In this study, the possibility of removal of ammonia gas with sulfuric acid scrubbing liquid by a packed column was investigated. A packed column with 20 cm diameter was randomly packed in 30 cm with ceramic raschig rings. Acidic scrubbing liquid in three liquid flow rates and three pH of scrubbing liquid including 5, 6, and 7 were used to scrub the gas with three concentrations as well as three air flow rates. The pH values of scrubbing liquid were controlled by using sulfuric acid and monitored with a pH meter. Ammonia gas was measured by using a direct reading sampler. All measuring instruments were calibrated by the researcher or local manufactures representative. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 software package. The findings of this study showed that with decreasing the pH of scrubbing liquid from 7 to 6theremoval efficiency of column increased but it was not significant. Also with decreasing the pH of scrubbing liquid from 6 to 5theremoval efficiency of column increased but it was not significant. However, the removal efficiency of column increased significantly (p<0.01) as the pH of scrubbing liquid was reduced from 7 to 5. Chemical absorption was increased the removal efficiency of ammonia gas significantly. Gas removal efficiency was increased with the decreasing of scrubbing liquid pH values.

The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria and total coliforms are often used as the indicators of disinfection process performance. The aim of this study was to determine HPC indicator in drinking water distribution system in Ardebil city, Iran in 2012. In this descriptive-analytical study, 42 water samples were taken randomly from Ardebil drinking water distribution system and their HPC, free chlorine residual, turbidity, pH, and temperature were measured. While the pour-plate technique was used for the HPC test and the R2A culture media were used. Data analysis was descriptive statistical and regression test. In 71.4% of the samples heterotrophic bacteria were present. In 9.6% of samples the HPC was higher than 500 CFU/ml. The mean of HPC indicator in water samples was 140.02 CFU/ml (SD=227.22) and the mean of free chlorine residual concentration was 0.33mg/l (SD=0.32). In 21.4% of samples the free chlorine residual concentration was less than 0.2mg/l and in 19% of samples was zero. The range of turbidity in samples was within 0.05-3NTU. There was a significant correlation between the HPC and turbidity (R=0.67), the HPC and pH (R=0.261), the HPC and free chlorine residual (R=-0.347), the HPC and temperature (R=-0.231). Monitoring of HPC in drinking water distribution system in Ardebil city at periodically in order to identification of contaminated areas and free chlorine residual concentration supply the range of 0.2-0.8 mg/l is necessary as an important variable and effective in the control of drinking water bacteriological quality.