نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه ای
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

The present study is to assess Overview on literature and social sustainability assessment and identification of its main components، while introducing the appropriate framework for choosing indicators with a systematic and integrated approach to assess and prioritize the amount of social sustainability in five areas of the city Bandar Turkmen pay.

Data collected through questionnaires in 380 samples and analysis of data using multiple criteria analysis methods and models in the form Topsis Hierarchical Fuzzy done. Findings/

In this connection one region with a score of 0. 40 of priorities in terms of better social stability and has five areas، two، Three and four، respectively، with rates 0. 24، 0. 17، 0. 11 and 0. 09 in the next priorities were in terms of social stability. Results of stepwise regression showed Quality of employment and income، education، culture، population dynamics and quality of information and communication respectively، with a coefficient of determination 0. 635، 0. 471، 0. 289، 0. 293 and 0. 283 have greatest impact on social sustainability in urban areas. ANOVA test results showed between different areas in urban areas Bandar Turkmen of Social sustainability with statistics 2. 61 and significant levels of 0. 000، there are significant differences.

Since the main purpose of research assessment and prioritization of social sustainability in urban areas are the results of the various steps Topsis model shows Status social sustainability in urban areas Bandar Turkmen is 0. 20 coefficient lower levels between the ideal.

Geomorphologic landforms associated with tourism and development has been considered by many researchers in recent years. Geomorphologic landforms which have values and capabilities، considered in context of tourism، known as geomorphosite and are studied in geomorphotourism approach. In this paper، we used LANDSAT satellite imageries، geological and topographic maps، data obtained by field observations، in recognizing geomorphologic landforms of Gilan_e_Gharb، Qhasr_e_Shirin and Sarpol_e_Zahab counties (Piran waterfall، Golin valley، Alvand river، Imam Hassan (As) spring، the gorge of Hajian and Sarab Gilan_e_Gharb) which have tourism attraction affects. We prepared an identification and characterization card for every landform. Based on four tourism criteria- scientific، cultural / historical and social – economic_ we measured capabilities and tourism values for the landforms and evaluated and analyses them. Results showed that among this landforms، due to scientific and cultural - historical specific values، Piran waterfall geomorphosite and its’ surrounding area gets the most points. It seems that the tourism authorities should pay attention to this site to create needed infrastructures for tourism development، since it will help to extent employments and improve economic situation of the studied area residents.

Based on description and nature of Geomorphology، the Geomorphologists must be have specific tendency to form of Earth crust''s landforms and their transformation. But some of related specialists in Iran، believe that questa have relationship to old (Paleo) geology formations، and by this reason say that questa there is not in Iran. Whereas anothers such as the writer (author) of this articl، with attention to geomorphology nature and it''s description withal Presentation of reasons in the text of article، believe that Positively (certainly) the Questa there is in Iran. In this study، the researchs applied are historical and experimental methodes، and for reasoning (or evidence) of questa existence in Iran، in addidtion to pay attention on geomor phology theory Bases of questa (for example: description and geometric specialitis of questa، hypothesises of questa genesis and transformation etc.)، and specialitis on structural and climatic geomorphology of Iran، observations and field studies special in Tabas pit affair ended. On other side، sombody of foreign and Iranian goomorphologists (such as theodor oberlander، Dr. Ebrahim Amin sobhani، Dr. Mousavi Harami، and Dr. Adabi) have studied and intruduced the anothers questa in the Regions of Iran، and thereby، existence of questa in Iran is confirmed and evidence by writer of article. Becausee in addition to their studies، study of the writer (special in Tabas pit) has been showed and indicated that exsisting questa in Iran، firstly: Completely have conformity with description and geometric specialitis of questa، secoudly: from an genesis point agree with hypothesises of questa formation، thirdly: with the view of Irans formation and creation of questa morphosystemes (for example، Butte، subsequent، consequent، obsequent etc.) that has been grafted with climatic conditions of Iran، and therefore They have completely Typic forms. Especial in the Tabas pit Beacause of deserting conditions، questa and their morpho systems، openly are obvious.

Transportation and traffic is one of the major issues and challenges that are facing urban managers. So that it has become one of the major challenges in the political area. Transport is one of the most important elements of urban development which is used for people and goods moving from a different geographical place to other places. In order to achieve efficient productive in urban areas transportation is needed. Tehran Metropolis along with their many problems has encountered with a wide problem in public transport area. In order to solve the traffic problems in Tehran during the last years، there have been discuss and controversy among different authorities of urban management (state and municipal) for choosing urban rapid transportation system for Metropolis Tehran. This paper sets out to evaluate and prioritize a variety of bus and rail transportation system for Tehran Metropolis by using MCDM approach. Theoretical Framework: Urban transportation as part of the overall transportation system is one of the components of municipal communication system. Its purpose is better accessing among the different land users within a city، work traffic and people and goods movement among these adapted areas. In Urban transportation systems and choosing various models usually time interval is more important than distance and geographical location. Totally the urban transportation means people and goods movement within cities. These movements which are influenced by the exchange of goods and services and social and recreational activities in the cities، not only affects on the size of the urban construction and urban development but also it depends on choosing desired transportation system as well as the size and its urban structure of the area. Basically، urban transportation is defined in three broad categories، Including: Public transportation، personal transportation، and goods transportation. However، the general objective of public transportation is providing mobility and better accessing to mass or certain parts of the city. The efficiency of this form of transportation is for people who move a lot. In fact، the public transportation system refers to a system that anyone can use it under defined conditions، such as buying a ticket.

This research is based on studies and analysis library was built. First،based on library research and theoretical literature on foreign sourcesare mostly based on indicators used in relation to a variety of rapidtransit systems were determined And the following data were collected foreach indicator. Then the TOPSIS algorithm and the indexes into differentsystems for metropolitan Tehran were prioritized.

Based on existing studies، Tehran subway system has accounted first rank، having the minimum distance to the closest ideal level. After the subway system، BRT transportation system has a second rank. Above calculations show that monorail system is dedicated the latest rank. This indicates that subway system has been resolving the public transportation problems in Tehran due to the quality parameters and the greatest potential desirability. In contrast، Monorail systems have a very low priority and capabilities. The result of the study shows that the urban managers of Tehran must consider subway transportation system development as the most fundamental and desirable choice to solve the problem. Regarding high cost and time assuming of the subway system in whole country، they can use the other rake choice، BRT system to solve existing problems. 5- Conclusion and Suggestions Transportation systems have basic role not only in economic life of countries but also in citizens’ life. Transportation and traffic issue have an important and sensitive role in a community’s quality and socio-economical structure. The basic need of modern urban life is transportation. Determining transportation system is one of the challenges that often arise in the context of sustainable development in cities. Transportation system which is affected the pattern and structure of city in some extent. Considering the importance and necessity to evaluate and prioritize different transportation systems particularly rapid public transportation systems، this paper used TOPSIS approach and Shannon entropy and MCDM techniques to prioritize and evaluate these systems in Tehran metropolitan which finally، conducted studies on the basis of criteria indicated that subway system has maximum capacity of public transportation desirability in Tehran. In contrast the Monorail systems have low priority. Therefore، urban managers in Tehran metropolis can use subway system as the main option for long-term and other systems such as the BRT for short-term strategies to solve public transportation problems in city.

Climate change and increase the temperature of the environmental importance of human behavior that is considered In recent years many studies have been devoted. Objective of this study is to investigate trend and slope Trend monthly of HDD with temperature threshold of 18. Mean daily temperature of weather during the statistical period of 44 years (1962-2005) was provided from Asfe zary dataset. Then trend and slope trend of HDD was calculated for each cell by nonparametric Kendall test. Data included a matrix with dimensions of (7187*44) in which lines show place (cell) and columns show time (year). Results indicate positive CDD trend in North Kordestan and Zanjan، Western half of Shahrekord، Macue and Westrern Bojnoord lower temperature، indicating that the spring and Fall. HDD negative trends for the Plain inter، the Zagros range north and south and rang mountain Kerman and khorasan appear increase in temperature indicates that this region. The maximum range of spatial need heating in month jan h with 54 percent of the extent of Iran''s. Maximum slope of negative trends requires heating block Lute and Tehran of the 2 - to 4 - degree days per year.

Despite of technology progressives، natural hazards caused damage of world cities propertys and life، part of the damages related to adequate uncognition response to natural hazards. The dust natural hazard occurrence has attracted public attention in the recent years. Nonrecieption and attention to the natural hazards not only affected society economic، but also affected different societies life residents and due to abundant damages. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Dust is one of the most natural hazard that located to attention of scientists in the different aspects. Assessment of dust is important in the most area of Iran، from the viewpoint of medical and sanitary problems، pulmonary respiratory and opttic diseases. The dust phenomenon as a global hazards occured in the dry and semi arid regions of earth. The Iran country because of location in the arid and semi arid belt earth، repeatedly exposed to different synoptic and local dust systems. Main reason of dust phenomenon، effect of wind force on area with particles and texture loom which suspened aerosol in the air and spread out regional climate condition distribution، recent occurrence of droughts increaseed this phenomenon. The paper has considered by analytical-statistical method، as first has considered and analyses the time distribution of dust phenomenon occurrence، then the relation of climatic parameters with dust occurrence analyze based on Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression، and then has drawn area seasonal and annual wind rose. Finally smart city conceptual model has identified as a solution for collation with this phenomenon. Dust disaster occurred appropriate to air warming in time period about five month from the April to August. Dust day highest occurred in the July and may months. This phenomenon has not similar distribution by the impacts of geography condition، in the Ilam city with higher height and latitude occurred the lower occurrences toward the Dehloran city. There aren’t significance relations between climatic parameters and dust days In the Ilam city، but in Dehloran station except significant relation between variables، the high determination coefficient (R2) show the main affection of climatic parameters in phenomenon occurrence. CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS: The creation source control of dust phenomenon is not easily removable and its required to national and transnational strategic plans. The representation of solutions is importance for compatibility and consequences and effects decreasing. By preparing the intelligent and electronic city infrastructure will be able the citizens to manage their self-daily time and exposure to dust phenomenon in lowest time.

Today one of the most important problems in Agriclimatology in effecting of climate on products. One of the climate elements in freezing which according to the continuity، extend and amount of it on agricultural activities، transportation and invironment has a lot of affections. Least temperature forcasts as one of the important climatic elements to forcasting late coldness and freezing in spring is very important. One of the new ways in forcasting climate elements is Artifical Neural Networks (ANNs). For this purpose from a 27 periodical time (1986-2012) Synoptical station in zab baisn inMatlab software for aducating and testing the topic has been used. The best model for Artifical Neural Network to forcasting least temperature is Presptron with 3layers and 5 Nerons in interal layer، 4Nerons in hidden layer and one Neron in output layer and Marqwart-Lonberg Algoritm.

In Iran، border regions are considered as strategic and critical locations. Potential، natural، and economic constraints as well as being away from the capital، and consequently from power and decision-making centers are some of the main features of these regions. In this regard، the establishment of border markets is one of the most recognized methods for the economic development of border regions، which can make a dramatic change in production، frontier population stabilization، increased revenue، and finally sustainable development and security in these regions. Relying on library and field resources، the present paper aims to analyze the physical-spatial effects of Mahiroud border market in Sarbisheh County after its establishment. The main research question is what physical-spatial effects the establishment and activity of the above-mentioned market could have on the region. The results indicate that as Mahiroud border market was activated in physical changes section، significant measures were taken to develop utilities and infrastructure services such as transportation network، water، electricity، gas،welfare، accommodation services، and establishment of executive and administrative institutions. In addition to increased motivation for habitation، increased employment، reduced deprivation and poverty، and decreased immigration، this market has relatively improved the security and development indexes in this region

Precipitation is one of important parameters of climatology and atmospheric science that have more importance in human life. recently، extensive flood and drought entered many damage to most parts of the world. Precipitation forecasting and alerts management role is responsible for these problems. Today، Artificial Neural Networks are one of developed method that applied for estimate and predict of parameters that using Intrinsic relation among data. The purpose of this study is prediction of daily precipitation using daily data of common statistical period، 23 years، (2012-1989) from meteorological stations، by Perceptron Neural Networks and Radial Basis Function in Kerman، Baft، Miandeh Jiroft. Different combinations of parameters، such as minimum temperature، maximum temperature، average temperature، relative humidity، wind speed and direction and the mean pressure as input for Artificial Neural Network and precipitation was considered as the output of the Network. The analysis of output results from، Radial Basis Function shown that these models have better accuracy and a high ability to forecast precipitation than Perceptron Neural Networks. The analysis of output results from، Radial Basis Function Neural Networks shown that these models have better accuracy and a high ability to forecast precipitation than Perceptron Neural Networks. such that in the best combination with minimum and maximum parameters، minimum temperature and relative humidity، the wind speed and direction and mean of pressure in Kerman station with correlation coefficient 0. 907 and root of mean square error of 0. 014 known as the best model for predicting rainfall in this paper.