فصلنامه روان شناسی و دین
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1394)

The present research seeks to present the indicators of a model of religious intelligence, taking in consideration the role of attributive style and self-control style. For this purpose, 372 students, who were chosen through multi-stage sampling, completed Seligman’s scale of attributive style, Tanjeni’s scale of self-control style and King’s religious intelligence scale. Path analysis and maximum likelihood were used for analyzing the results. The findings show that the style of external and stable assignment of success and the style of general and stable assignment of failure, respectively predict the increase and decrease in existential critical thinking through self-control. Besides, there are direct paths between the external assignment of success, existential critical thinking and working out the personal meaning, stable assignment of success and higher consciousness, general assignment of success and increase in alertness. The present conceptual model shows that a study of the kind of attributive attitude of the individual in his/her everyday life can contribute to the clarification of self-control process and religious intelligence.

Happiness, what modern man has lost, is the most fundamental concept in positive psychology. In the last two decades, the number of studies investigating the factors associated with happiness has increased. This study aims to investigate the role of cognitive and affective components of happiness in daily spiritual experiences. To this end, 193 students of Shiraz University, selected by cluster sampling, completed questionnaires of daily spiritual experiences, life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions. Data were statistically analyzed using multiple regression techniques in a simultaneous way. The findings indicate that, total scores of daily spiritual experiences have positive and meaningful relationship with cognitive and emotional components of happiness. Moreover, the two components of feeling the presence of God and relation with Him in everyday experiences can predict life satisfaction and positive emotion in a positive way and negative emotion in a negative way.

The present research aims to investigate the psychological scale of religious cope among Iranian students (male and female). 355 university students (155 males and 200 females) were asked to fill out a Persian version of RCOPE. The statistical procedure of hierarchical factor analysis was used to determine the factorial validity of RCOPE. The internal consistency of RCOPE was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients. An analysis of the main components through Oblimin rotation show that RCOPE consists of two strategies towards positive and negative religious cope. The results of factor analysis of positive strategies towards religious cope have yielded seven factors, including religious purification and seeking divine intercession, spiritual aid, active religious submission, fair religious reassessment, spiritual ties and religious orientation, referring to religious authorities or those sharing the same belief and determining the scope of religious activities. The results of factor analysis of the strategies towards negative religious cope indicate five factors, including reassessment based on the idea of God as a punisher, Satan-based reassessment, spiritual dissatisfaction, passive religious submission and inter-individual religious dissatisfaction acquired by experience.

This research which seeks to clarify the meaning of spiritual-religious loneliness and develop a scale for measuring it among university students, is based on exploratory factor analysis. In order to determine the validity of the scale, the primary questions designed on the basis of the theoretical foundations and scales of spirituality measurement were evaluated by 13 BA students and 17 MA students of psychology. After making modifications, corrections, 605 students of Shahid Beheshti University (355 females and 239 males) who were chosen through convenience sampling filled out a questionnaire of 49 questions on spiritual- religious loneliness. The results of analyzing the constituents through main varimax rotation show that four factors of feeling of loneliness are involved: with relation to religion’s guardians, with relation to the meaning of life, with relation to God, and the positive factor of relation with oneself. Moreover, the reliability coefficient obtained through Cronbach alpha for 44 questions which was 0.93 and the test- retest coefficient of factors at a two-week interval which range between 0.68 and 0.91, indicate the validity of the scale.

This research seeks to investigate the effectiveness of religion-based cognitive therapy on reducing the psychological symptoms of cancer patients. This research project is quasi experimental design with a pre-test, post- test given to a control group. From among 300 patients supported by Arezoo Charity Center in Pars Abad Moqan, 30 patients (15 females and 15 males) were chosen and divided into two groups: experimental group and control group, and convenience sampling was used in this study which was based on SCL-25 Symptom Checklist. The experimental group attended 8 two-hour sessions on religion-based cognitive therapy, whereas the control group received no treatment. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for making a comparison between the means. The results show that religion-based cognitive therapy reduces all the aspects in SCL-25 scale except schizophrenia, somatization and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Moreover, religion-based cognitive therapy can be used as a supplementary treatment alongside the medical treatments to cure the psychological problems of cancer.

The present research investigates the question of predicting appreciation on the basis of spiritual well-being, social support and stress among the teenage girls of Shahin Shahr. The research project is a correlation design in which 337 teenage girls, who were randomly chosen as independent samples, filled out the questionnaires on appreciation, spiritual well-being, social support and stress scale, anxiety, and depression (DASS-21). Pearson regression coefficient and stepwise regression were used for analyzing the data. The results show that the relationship of appreciation with spiritual well-being and three aspects of social support (p<0.01) is meaningful positive and its relationship with stress meaningful negative (p<0.01).The results of regression analysis also show that enjoying family support, spiritual well-being and friends’ support can contribute to predicting appreciation. These findings point out that appreciation is affected by social support, spiritual well-being and stress. Some intervening programs should be designed to promote the feeling of appreciation.

This research seeks to investigate the relationship of religious orientation with moral change and mental health. To this end, a descriptive-correlation method was used in this research and, 384 high school students (192 boys and 192 girls) in Qom in the academic year 1391-1392 were randomly chosen by multi-stage sampling. The data collected from questionnaires on religious orientation, moral change and SCL -90-R, and were analyzed by using SPSS software, t Test, correlation and stepwise regression. The results show that mental health has a positive and meaningful relationship with religious orientation and moral change. Also, religious orientation, gender and level of proficiency can predict mental health. These findings show that improving religious orientation and promoting students’ level of proficiency can pave the way for a better public mental health.