نشریه زراعت دیم ایران
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Indian mustard is one of the most drought tolerant crops within Brassica genus which could be used in semi dry areas of Iran. 20 cultivars and lines of Indian mustard were studied as complete blocks design with three replications in two different humidity regimes in Oroumieh research station during 2013-2014 growing season. Analysis of variance showed that the most studied agronomic characteristics were significantly different in the rainfed and irrigated field. Comparing the means showed decreasing of grain yield and yield components under stress condition. Cultivar Bard-1 and line 14 (DARI-4-2) were superior regarding grain yield and related yield components. Grain yield in the both irrigation regimes showed significant correlation (P<0. 01) with plant height، number of pods and number of seeds per pod however، there was significant relationship between yield and thousand kernel weight under rainfed condition، as well. Cluster analysis based on all studied traits in the both trials divided lines to two clusters where genotypes in the first cluster showed higher values. Based on the mean productivity (MP)، geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance (STI) indices which were selected as most suitable indices in this study، cultivar Bard-1 and line 14 (DARI-4-2) were identified as the most drought tolerant mustard in Oroumieh.

In order to compare forage and grain production of rye with barley، triticale and vetch under dry farming conditions، an experiment was conducted with eight treatments (including rye، wild rye، triticale، barley، as well as hungarian vetch mixed with rye، wild rye، triticale and barley) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 3 years. In the first year، the highest forage and grain yields were produced by rye (1821 kg. ha-1) and barley (771 kg. ha-1)، respectively. In the second year، rye had the highest forage (4828 kg. ha-1) and grain (1159 kg. ha-1) productions. In the third year، triticale could produce the greatest forage (2813 kg. ha-1) and grain (959 kg. ha-1). The production variation among the different treatments was mainly because of precipitation variations among the years. It can be concluded that، with adequate rainfall (above 300 mm)، rye has better ability to produce forage and grain. With 250-300 mm، triticale could compete with rye. With declining precipitation to less than 200 mm، barley had better potential to produce grain. Meanwhile، rye and triticale had more protein than barley and wild rye.

Improve forage quantity and quality using organic and biological fertilizers production of important needs in dryland farming systems of the country. In this study the effects of foliar application of four different combinations of amino acid four different time steps were germinated plant growth، stem elongation، flowering and spraying all three steps above with the control treatment was carried out total of 17. The experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years 1388-1390 were carried out in Maragheh agricultural research station. The results of combined analysis showed that the main effect of forage dry biomass yield and year×treatment interaction were significant at the 1% level. The year×treatment interaction qualitative indicators such as nitrogen، phosphorus and potassium in the dry matter were significant at the 1% level. Mean comparison showed the highest biomass yield of 3555 kg/ha in foliar amino acid composition abbreviated AM resulted in a significant increase compared with the 998 kg per ha. Also the nitrogen content of the forage dry matter 3. 4 percent in the foliar application of amino acids، comparison to control AM 0. 2 percent has increased. Overall، it was concluded that foliar free amino acids in comparison to the control (no spray) in terms of quantity and quality of dry land positive effects are often significant.

Improve forage quantity and quality using organic and biological fertilizers production of important needs in dryland farming systems of the country. In this study the effects of foliar application of four different combinations of amino acid four different time steps were germinated plant growth، stem elongation، flowering and spraying all three steps above with the control treatment was carried out total of 17. The experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years 1388-1390 were carried out in Maragheh agricultural research station. The results of combined analysis showed that the main effect of forage dry biomass yield and year×treatment interaction were significant at the 1% level. The year×treatment interaction qualitative indicators such as nitrogen، phosphorus and potassium in the dry matter were significant at the 1% level. Mean comparison showed the highest biomass yield of 3555 kg/ha in foliar amino acid composition abbreviated AM resulted in a significant increase compared with the 998 kg per ha. Also the nitrogen content of the forage dry matter 3. 4 percent in the foliar application of amino acids، comparison to control AM 0. 2 percent has increased. Overall، it was concluded that foliar free amino acids in comparison to the control (no spray) in terms of quantity and quality of dry land positive effects are often significant.

In order to study the effect of foliar zinc spraying on photosynthetic pigments and yield of chickpea under water stress conditions، a factorial experiment carried out based on Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili agricultural research station in 2012. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation (irrigated at planting، planting + before flowering، planting + before flowering + pod initiation) and three zinc spraying rates (zero، 3 and 6 kg ZnSO4 ha-1) in two plant growth stages. Results showed that water limitation reduced photosynthetic pigments and grain yield. Applications of 6 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 effectively reduced adverse effects of drought stress through increasing content of chlorophyll a، total chlorophyll، carotenoids and SPAD index. Chlorophyll fluorescence affected by water stress and Zn. Water stress reduced the instantaneous fluorescence (Fv)، maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the quantum yield (Fv/Fm)، whereas Zn enhanced instantaneous fluorescence and maximum fluorescence. Zinc application had no significantly effect on the quantum yield. Results also showed، chlorophyll a content had the greatest impact on SPAD index and it had a quadratic correlation with SPAD index. Among the measured photosynthetic pigments، carotenoids content had the highest contribution to the stress in the yield prediction. Also zinc reduced the effect of chlorophyll and increase carotenoid content in yield prediction. Generally zinc spraying improved crop yield by alleviating drought stress and enhancing factors that are effective on the photosynthetic pigments production under the water stress.

This study was conducted to investigate economic aspect and some soil properties in different crop rotations of wheat in dryland conditions in Sararood - Kermanshah during six years 2006-2012. The experiment carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in two neighbor sites. Treatments were wheat-wheat، fallow - wheat، chickpea-wheat، vetch-wheat and safflower-wheat. Soil organic carbon percentage in vetch - wheat treatment increased (0. 18%) in the end of rotation period in compare to the first of period. Mean comparison of soil compaction in 20-30 cm depth of soil showed fallow - wheat treatment had highest and safflower - wheat the lowest soil compaction. Soil permeability results in the end of experiment period showed effect of crop rotation was significant and safflower- wheat and fallow-wheat had the highest and the lowest permeability، respectively. Results of economical analysis showed the most economical treatment was chickpea-wheat and after that safflower-wheat was economical. Therefore، in Kermanshah province continuous wheat couldn’t be recommend but to increase and reserve soil productivity and to access higher income biannual rotation of wheat with vetch، chickpea or safflower crops can be proposed.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of post anthesis moisture stress on agronomy traits، storage of stem water soluble sugars and dry matter remobilization of wheat. The pot experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement with three replications in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources، Razi University in Kermanshah state in the west of Iran during the growing season from 2011 to 2012. In the experiment، moisture stress was applied at grain growth stage (soil moisture was around 30% of field capacity from the anthesis stage to the maturity - 65 to 99 Zadoks scale) and different wheat varieties (such as Pishtaz، DN-11، Sivand and Marvdasht) were evaluated as the second factor. The results show that، water stress application at grain growth stages significantly decreased grain yield by decreasing of grain weight. Under application of water stress at grain growth stage، Marvdast and DN-11 cultivars had the lowest grain yield. The occurrence of water stress in experiment، significantly decreased stem dry mater and remobilization. In contrast to this results، in water stress condition stem soluble sugars concentration significantly increased. In water stress conditions، the amount of dry matter remobilization from stem lower internodes (internodes below penultimate) to grain، its efficiency and contribution of its in grain yield increased by 11%، 32% and 121%، respectively. Also، penultimate and stem lower internodes had the highest water soluble sugars concentration under water stress. Water deficiency stress could not increase the remobilization efficiency but in terms of mentioned traits، there were significant differences between cultivars. So، indicated that these traits can be used for identifying drought tolerant high yielding genotypes in winter wheat breeding programs.