فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 26، زمستان 1393)

This qualitative research was carried out with aim to diagnosis ethical milieu of entrepreneurship and enterprise development. This applied research was done through descriptive phenomenology method. Semi-structured interviews were implemented in order to collect data. Statistical population of this research consisted of all entrepreneurs and enterprise’s managers of in Golestan province. Through purposeful sampling، 41 entrepreneurs and enterprise’s managers were selected as sample or interviewee. The data collection process was continued until reaching theoretical saturation and usefulness threshold of available information. According to Colaizzi''s method، qualitative thematic content analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. After refining the initial code (combining overlap and exemplifier codes)، extracted codes were grouped into a four-dimensional model: (1) Phenomenon or unethical behaviors in entrepreneurship and enterprise milieu; (2) Causal conditions or events، incidents، happenings that lead to the occurrence or development of unethical behaviors as a phenomenon; (3) Impacts included the consequences and effects of unethical behaviors in entrepreneurship and enterprise milieu; and (4) Response: strategies to prevent or control the phenomena of unethical behaviors.

Two main factors influencing the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition، i. e. prior knowledge and cognitive characteristics have been identified. In order to examine the effect of prior knowledge on opportunity recognition with mediating role of cognitive characteristics including entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial learning، the conceptual model of research and the related hypotheses are developed. This study was conducted on a random sampling and the sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula، in which eventually 67 people were studied. The adequate data for the study were collected through questionnaires and analyzed through regression analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings of this research show that prior knowledge has positive effects on opportunity recognition، entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial alertness. Also the positive impact of entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial learning on opportunity recognition was confirmed. In addition، the mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness and learning in the relationship between prior knowledge and opportunity recognition was confirmed. The overall assessment of the conceptual model، moreover، indicates strong fit.

The strategic entrepreneurship was considered a factor which could affect the output of the small، medium and big organizations and improve the growth and wealth of an organization. Nowadays، large numbers of organizations exploit the strategic entrepreneurship as a procedure to achieve long-term competitive advantages. This research is aimed at investigating the effect of the strategic entrepreneurship on the performance in the Fanap Company in Tehran and design a conceptual model with the two elements of strategic entrepreneurship and performance. This is an applied research based on correlative-descriptive method. The research questionnaire was randomly distributed among 70 middle and senior managers and the experts in Fanapl Company of which 60 questionnaires were collected. The hypothesis testing and path analysis of research are carried out through the structural equation modeling method using the professional program، PLS2. The results showed that entrepreneurial culture، entrepreneurial leadership، managing resources strategically، and applying creativity and developing innovation all affect the performance positively but entrepreneurial mindset does not affect the performance in that Company.

Innovation is the key to organizational survival and therefore، it seems necessary to study and identify its affecting factors such as intellectual capital as one of the most important of new organizational intangible assets. Considering the importance of this issue، the main purpose of this research was to study the effect of intellectual capital on organizational innovation in the Agricultural Consulting، Technical and Engineering Services Ventures. The research was an applied research and a descriptive- correlational research in terms of goal and method of data collection، respectively. The population of the study consisted of 280 experts of the ventures in Zanjan province، Iran. A sample size of 200 was selected using a stratified sampling method. The standard questionnaires were used to collect the data. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by a panel of experts. The construct validity and the reliability of the research instrument were assessed by estimating the measurement model. The results showed that the research hypotheses were confirmed and the components of intellectual capital including human، relational and structural had a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable. The components totally explained about 51 percent of the variances of organizational innovation in the ventures.

Without any doubt، one of the strategies to achieve knowledge-based economy is the transfer of high technologies and turning them into a competitive stable advantage for companies. Technology Readiness Levels، as a determining factor for high-tech transfer، has not been taken into consideration in recent studies. In this paper the author seeks to identify and prioritize factors affecting the transfer of high-tech at various TRLs، on the basis of theoretical and research background and according to the T Sai Lai model. This study is applicable from aim point of view and is exploratory-integrated from method point of view. The statistical population in the qualitative section is among experts and in quantitative section is among entrepreneurs in high-tech companies. The statistical sample in qualitative section is among 10 people who are chosen by Snowball method and in quantitative section is among 100 people who are chosen by simple Random method. Data collecting tools are semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaire in qualitative and quantitative sections respectively. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data is done using Coding method and ANOVA and Friedman Tests، respectively. The research findings show that human factors most influence on the success of the transfer of advanced technologies in both phases of the formation and development of theoretical concepts and also prototyping and testing. Also، the industry factors most influence on the success of high-tech transfer in both commercial phase and entry-to-market phase. It is highly recommended for entrepreneurs and managers to consider the mentioned factors.

Entrepreneurial university, as the third-generation of universities, undertakes the mission of economic and social development in countries. Since entrepreneurial university is considered as a change factor in societies, the investigation of its mission and creation has gained increasing attention in recent studies. This study identifies the principles of entrepreneurial university through reviewing the literature; furthermore, the output of corporate entrepreneurial activities has been recognized in the universities. The research used narative qualitative method via deep semi-structured interviews. The 15 individuals for the interview were selected out of those authors from university experts who had 10 years of executive experience in the field of entrepreneurship. The final framework of the research was made through content analysis of the interviews. Findings demonstrate that an entrepreneurial university model from the viewpoint of corporate entrepreneurship includes the following elements: learners’ quality, release of scientific findings, absorbing financial resources, research contracts, patents, creating spin-offs, establishing technology parks, entrepreneurial organizational culture, flexible organizational structure, entrepreneurial approach of university professors, macro managing, course contents, and students’ characteristics.

The study focuses on identifying the university incubators existing infrastructure and their role in the university spin-offs establishment. The study adopts an integrated approach as its methodology. The statistical population includes all universities and colleges managers، experts in universities’ incubators in Mazandaran Province. To perform the sampling، the purposive sampling and stratified random sampling were used for qualitative and quantitative parts، respectively. 13 subjects were interviewed for the qualitative phase and 170 subjects out of 304 participated in the quantitative part using stratified random sampling. The data gathering tools were interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire after confirming the validity and the reliability with Chronbach’s Alpha coefficient which was equal to 0/82 To analyze the data، the descriptive and inferential statistics that exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were applied. Based on the analysis of qualitative data from in-depth and exploratory interviews and interviews content analysis coding while matching the consistencies، the results of the qualitative study showed that 17 components were identified in the infrastructure aspect in the establishment of university spin-offs. Considering the quantitative aspect، the findings also emphasized that the existing organizational policy with the highest factorial load (0/97) and investment attraction with the lowest factorial load (0/59) explained the variances and other components had their prioritized relative contribution. Also، the final research model was approved considering the fit indexes and standard coefficients. Considering the impact factor of the existing components of the university incubators infrastructure in the establishment of university spin-offs، the greatest influencing amount was attributed to the organizational policy with 0/97 and lowest was given to investment attraction with 0/59.

The aim of this paper was to study knowledge intensive entrepreneurship role in innovative performance in agricultural technology management by entrepreneurial R&D definition implementing as a casual-effect research by using casual model. Statistical population of the study was consisted of 2768 agricultural research specialists in Iran، one out of each six regional groups of provinces (n= 25) was randomly selected and 320 researchers were randomly selected from theses six provinces based on Cochran’s sampling methodology. Research instrument consisted Likert scale for latent variables measurement. The results of research indicate that among knowledge intensive entrepreneurship antecedents in agricultural technology management process knowledge sharing among organizations، innovation، knowledge utilization and entrepreneurship orientation have a significant role. Along with entrepreneurial R&D dimensions as an innovative results criteria، are depended on knowledge sharing among organizations، knowledge utilization and entrepreneurship orientation and there is no significant role for management، process and technology innovation in this case.

Today، the importance of entrepreneurship and its influence on development of societies is inevitable and the role of universities in this regards is very specific. this study aimed to evaluate the entrepreneurship talent in junior and senior students through descriptive - survey research، are discussed. According to the target population (n = 3422)، by aid of krejcie and Morgan table and random، 370 individuals as samples were selected. The results of T-test and structural equation showed that: The eight variables evident can explain 97% in junior and 96% in senior of intangible variables entrepreneurial talent. The most effective in junior students is activism and visionary item. But in senior students is challenging. There was not significant difference between these two groups in terms of thought fluid، activism، risk-taking، tolerance for ambiguity item but there was significant difference in terms of need for achievement، Internal control، challenge and visionary item and in junior students is more. Finally، the entrepreneurship talent in senior students is less than junior students. This reduces the inefficiency of training programs shows the need for planning to improve these characteristics more and more.

Entrepreneurship، as one of the factors affecting economic growth، is also considered among the key factors by economic policymakers. However، in examining the issue of entrepreneurship، it should be noted that women’s and men’s entrepreneurship can be considered as two distinct and separate phenomena. Therefore، the main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between women''s entrepreneurship and economic growth، monetary and fiscal policies and how mentioned variables would affect women (female) entrepreneurs. For this purpose، the relationship between the variables of women''s entrepreneurship and other macroeconomic variables has been tested using panel data approach in the time period of 2002 to 2007. The results of this study indicated that there is a positive and meaningful correlation between the entrepreneurship variable and macroeconomic policies. The results show that the expansionary fiscal policy (increased 1 percent)، about the size of 1. 5234 percent، the index of women entrepreneurship (TEA) is added. The one percent increase in the monetary variable (expansionary monetary policy) and economic growth in order to increase the size of 0. 1947 and 0. 1505 percent of women entrepreneurship.