نشریه علوم دامی (پژوهش و سازندگی)
پیاپی 106 (بهار 1394)

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of different levels of Malva sylvestris extract on performance، carcass characteristics and some immune and blood parameters of broiler chickens with 16 experimental units with 4 treatment، 4 replicate and 11 broilers in each replicate in completely randomized design for 42 days. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diet (control)، and different levels of extract of Malva sylvestris (0. 1، 0. 2 and 0. 3 percentage of diet). Feed intake and weight gain were recorded weekly. At 25 and 32 days of age، sheep red blood cell (SRBC) injected to 2 broilers of each replicate. At 32 and 39 days، blood samples were collected to quantify antibody titer production against SRBC. The results of this experiment showed that effect of Malva sylvestris extract on weight gain، feed intake، feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics were not significant (P>0. 05). But there were significant difference between treatments in immune parameters (P<0. 05). The highest antibody titer against SRBC was observed at 0. 3 percent of extract at 32 days of age، but the highest antibody titer was at 0. 2 and 0. 3 percent of extract at 39 days of age. The addition extract significantly decreased cholesterol، triglyceride، HDL and LDL concentrations (P<0. 05). The highest percentage of eosinophil was observed at the level of 0. 3 percentage and percentage of heterophile and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio lowest were in the control treatment. According to the results of this experiment، it appears that different levels of extract were not effective on performance parameters but this extract affected the immune system of broiler chicks

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of different doses of grape pomace extract (GE) on ruminal degradation and post-ruminal digestion of basal diet in dairy cow using a modified two-step in vitro method. The VFA، ammonia production and protozoa population determined. Six levels of extract were used: GE0: basal diet، GE1، GE2، GE3، GE4، GE5 contains 12، 24، 36، 48 and 60 µl extract/50 ml inoculum respectively. Ruminal degradation of DM (rdDM) in GE3، GE4، GE5 was lower comparing to GE0، but ruminal degradation of CP (rdCP) by adding GE was decreased. Digestibility of DM (tdDM) and CP (rdCP) in GE4 and GE5 diets were lower with comparing to GE0. Addition of GE increased the proportion of rumen escape CP (pdBCP) and degradability of bypass CP in HCl/pepsin (dBCP). The population of proteolytic bacteria only declined in GE4 and GE5 diets comparing to GE0. Total VFA، acetate concentrations and acetate propionate ratio were lower in GE3، GE4، GE5 diets compared to GE0. NH3-Nproduction، total number of protozoa، subfamily of Entodiniinae and genus of Dasytricha were decreased as the level of GE increased. With the By addition of GE، genus of Isotricha and subfamilies of Diplodiniinae and Ophrioscolecinae at the 12 and 24 h of incubation was lower than the control. In conclusion، GE supplementation has reduced protozoa population، NH3-N and protein degradation in the rumen and increased degradability of bypass CP

Chemical composition and metabolizable energy of three camel browsed halophyte species (Atriplex leucoclada، Suaeda fruticosa، Seidlitzia rosmarinus) were assessed and in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD)، OM (IVOMD)، NDF (IVNDFD)، ADF (IVADFD) were determined using a completely randomized design. Plant samples were collected based on camel''s grazing patterns during the autumn-winter grazing seasons in southern Khuzestan province. The samples were mixed on dry matter basis to provide different combined mixtures (as treatments). Replacing 33. 5 or 66. 5% of A. leucoclada with S. rosmarinus or S. fruticosa reduced OM content and increased Ash content. Also، replacing of A. leucoclada with S. rosmarinus increased ME content. The IVDMD of treatments were different (p<0. 05). Replacing 66. 5% of S. fruticosa with S. rosmarinus and A. leucoclada with S. rosmarinus increased IVOMD. NDF and ADF digestibility of A. leucoclada were higher than those of S. rosmarinus and S. fruticosa، also S. rosmarinus than that of S. fruticosa (p<0. 05). It can be concluded that، three species were not different in terms of metabolizable energy but the combination of A. leucoclada with S. rosmarinus enhanced organic matter digestibility and energetic value

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-product (PBP) on fermentation and methane emission in the rumen using an in vitro batch fermentation system. For this purpose، fresh PBP were ensiled into a trench silo without any additives and simultaneously some sun dried PBP were prepared. After 3 month، the ensiled PBP samples were freeze-dried and then chemical analysis was conducted for both samples. All samples were incubated with four replications using buffered rumen fluid for 24 hours. Two positive controls (i. e.، oaten chaff and commercial concentrate) were included in the assay as standards to detect differences. At the end of incubation gas pressure، pH and total volatile fatty acids were used as indicators of overall sample fermentability، and concentrations of methane، ammonia، acetate and propionate indicated changes in fermentation end products. The result showed that the ensiled PBP had lower aNDFom and water soluble carbohydrates but greater in phenolic compounds compared with the sun dried PBP. Gas production were lower (P<0. 01) in sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-products than the oaten chaff and commercial concentrate، although the amounts of volatile fatty acids and ammonia for both PBPwere lower (P<0. 01) than the commercial concentrate. The lowest acetate to propionate ratio and the highest pH were in ensiled PBPhowever، a significant reduction (P<0. 01) in methane emission was observed with both PBP samples in comparison to the positive controls. In general، these findings indicate that PBP has a great potential to decrease methane mitigation and can used as a new alternative for modify of rumen fermentation

Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) is used as an accurate and objective tool for kinetic sperm measurements. The aims of this study were evaluate the effects of extender and sperm chamber on motility parameters of goat sperm using CASA. Semen collected from five Mahabadi goats via artificial vagina. The collected semen divided in two fractions and diluted in two commercially soyabean based extender، Bioxcell and Andromed to finally concentration of 6 × 106 spermatozoa per ml. The diluted semen evaluated via CASA and using two sperm chambers including Makler chamber with 10µm deep and Leja chamber with 20µm deep، and microscopic slide with 18*18mm cover. The motility parameters considered in this study were average path velocity (VAP، µm/s)، straight line velocity (VSL، µm/s)، curvilinear velocity (VCL، µm/s)، amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH، µm)، beat cross frequency (BCF، Hz)، straightness (STR، as VSL/VAP، %)، and linearity (LIN، as VSL/VCL، %). The medium used for the dilution of the sample significantly affects all sperm motility parameters except VCL. Only ALH was significantly lower (P < 0. 05)، whereas VSL، VAP، BCF LIN and STR were significantly higher، in the semen diluted in Bioxcell than Andromed. The effects of sperm chamber were significant only in LIN and BCF. In conclusion the extender had significant effect on the CASA results whereas sperm chamber didn''t has so effects.

In a 3×3 Latin square design three treatments including: 1) basal diet (control) in addition to diets containing 2) 100 and 3) 200 mg/day of Peppermint essential oils were tested in three ruminally cannulated male sheep with average body weight of 50±3 kg. Rumen liquor was sampled 3 hours after feeding to determine rumen pH، N-NH3 and volatile fatty acids. On the last day of each period، blood samples were taken 3 hours after feeding via jugular vein to determine glucose، triglyceride، cholesterol، HDL، LDL، NEFA، total protein، albumin and globulin. Dry matter intake and digestibility of DM، CP، NDF، ADF and EE; the ruminal parameters and blood metabolites were not affected by the treatments

In this study production، reproduction، management and economic parameters resulted from recording of 4 flocks with 600 head of breeding ewe during the annual cycle of production in village system were used to determine of the breeding objective، absolute economic values and relative emphasis for a Lori_Bakhtiari breed of sheep. To calculate the economic values of traits، the level of each trait for the flock was increased by 1 unit، while all other traits were held at their mean values and change in profit was as the absolute economic value (maximize profit، P)، the ratio of revenue to costs (maximize efficiency، Q) and the ratio of costs to revenue (minimize costs،) calculated for considerable trait. To calculate the economic weight and relative emphasis، the absolute economic value of each trait multiplied to the genetic standard deviation of trait in three ways. The results showed that annual profit per ewe، the ratio of revenue to costs and the ratio of costs to revenue were 667023 rials، 1. 16 and 0. 86، respectively. The breeding objective for Lori-Bakhtiari sheep in village system in order of relative emphasis were reproductive traits (Litter size، conception rate، number of parturition in each year); durability traits (in lamb up to sale and ewe); growth traits (lamb weight at sale time، weight of replacement، weight of mature ewe) and greasy fleece weight. The economic values of corresponding traits resulted from various ways were different in values and the sign of economic values from P was the same as Q but different to. The sum of relative emphasis for reproductive traits، durability traits، growth traits and greasy fleece weight resulted from P were 57. 09، 23. 39، 19. 32 and 0. 19; from Q were 55. 54، 22. 98، 21. 29 and 0. 19 and from were 55. 05، 23. 06، 21. 69 and 0. 19، respectively. Thus، the relative emphasis resulted from different ways for various traits were equal relatively and if the relative emphasis is used instead of absolute economic values، the result of each different ways could apply

Genetic variation in ovulation rate in sheep has been widely documented and the evidence shows substantial differences among world sheep breeds. Candidate gene approach and DNA marker strategy are new tools to improve twining or multiple lambing rate traits in sheep population. The present study was carried out to detect of polymorphism in FecB and BMP15 genes and the effect on litter size trait in Moghani sheep breed using RFLP-PCR method. Blood samples were collected randomly from 150 individuals at Moghani Breeding Station of Ardebil province، Iran. DNA of blood samples was extracted by modifying salting out method. Site of mutation was amplified using specific primers and PCR products were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis، and then the PCR product was digested with AvaII، SpeI and HinfI restriction enzymes for FecB، FecXH and FecXG loci، respectively. The results did not show any polymorphism for FecB and BMP15 genes. All the samples were showed wild type alleles so mutation of FecB and BMP15 genes were not cause of prolificacy in Moghani sheep. Considering the phenotypes records in this breed، the obtained result indicates that the genetic factor responsible for twining or multiple lambing rate is not related to reported mutated alleles at prolificacy major genes and therefore other prolificacy related genes should be investigated in Moghani sheep.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of milk thistle (MT) and purslane (P) seed into the diet of laying hens on egg characteristics، serum and egg yolk lipids، blood metabolites، plasma minerals، serum enzymes activity and performance of laying hens. This experiment carried out with 288 Hy-Line (W-36) laying hens in a completely randomized design with 3*3 factorial arrangement in 9 treatments 4 replicates and 8 hens in each replicate at the age of 32 to 42 weeks. Experimental diet consists of three levels of MT seed (0، 1 and 2%) and three levels of P seed (0، 1 and 2%). The results showed that egg production and egg mass significantly increased by consumption of 2% P seed (P<0. 05). Egg weight significantly increased in treatment containing 2% MT seed and also in treatment containing 1% P seed (P<0. 05). Haugh unit significantly increased by level of 2% MT (P<0. 05). The concentration of blood albumin and globulin significantly increased by level of 2% MT (P<0. 05). The use of 2% P significantly decreased blood glucose (P<0. 05). Also blood HDL concentration significantly increased by level of 2% P (P<0. 05). The activities of serum AST and ALT significantly decreased by 2% MT (P<0. 05). The results obtained from this experiment showed that the level of 2% P improves performance and 2% MT improves blood metabolites and liver enzymes activity of laying hens.

In this study، six Mahabadi goats (40±0. 5 BW and2 ± 1 DIM) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design for three periods of 13 days. The experimental diets were: 1) basal diet without essential oil (control)، 2) basal diet + 200 mg of Ajowan essential oil and 3) basal diet + 400 mg of Ajowan essential oil per kilogram of diet dry matter. Results showed that addition of Ajowan essential oil had no significant effect on dry matter intake، body weight change، milk yield and performance of kids; but the blood serum concentration of triglyceride and LDL were decreased and HDL increased.

Guinea fowls belong to the pheasant’s category. Liver is the largest gland in the body، pancreas for digestive secretions and also spleen is of a importance as it is the largest lymphatic gland in adult mammals and poultry. As there are some differences in species and the two sex in these organs، and also there are not any research done on pheasant’s category like guinea fowl، these organs were studied morphologically and histologically. For this study 20 adult male and female guinea fowl were selected and their liver، gall bladder، pancreas، spleen were morphologically studied، then tissue samples were taken. Samples were obtained، using Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain Kit. Morphological and Histological results were basically the same as other poultry with this difference that in pancreas ventral lobe is longer and thinner that the dorsal lobe. In histologic study kupffer cells are rarely exist in hepatic sinusoid’s wall، also in the gall bladder’s wall in addition to the simple columnar epithelium، pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium was seen. T student result in liver، spleen and pancreas suggest that there is no significance difference in the size of males and females in this organs.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of non-starch polysaccharides of barley supplemented with multi-enzyme on growth performance and physiological characteristics of broilers. A total number of 375 one day old Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated randomly to 3 treatments with 5 replicates at 2 rearing period (including 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age) using a CRD statistical design. Treatments including control، barley and barley+ enzyme. Traits were included growth performance، gut microbial numeration and jejunal villus morphometric characteristics. According to the results، maximum and minimum feed intake at the whole rearing period was observed in barley+ enzyme and control group. Unlikely about average daily gain، the maximum value was belonged to control and minimum was belonged to barley treatments. The barley and control group had maximum and minimum feed conversion ratio respectively. Barley treatment had the highest number of gram negative، coliform and clostridium bacteria، but in conversely had the minimum number of lactic acid and bifido-bacteria among treatments. Also measures of villus including height and width and crypt depth significantly affected by feeding of barley diet. So the minimum villus height and width، conversely maximum crypt depth belonged to barley diet. Supplementation of barley diet eliminated these problems. In conclusion، inclusion of barley to experimental diet due to high level of the non-starch polysaccharides had negative effect on growth performance، gut microbial population and intestinal villus morphology، but enzyme supplementation of barley diet with multi-glycanase and phytas eliminated such negative effects.

The present study was done to study the effects of water Hypericum perforatum extract (WHPE) on performance، abdominal fat، carcass characteristics، and blood biochemical parameters of broilers with 160 day-old Ross 308. Broilers were randomly distributed among the16 experimental units of four treatments with four replications (10 birds in each replicate) for 42 days. The treatments were included 0، 150، 300 and 450 mg WHPE per kg diet from 0-42 days. Two birds from each pen were randomly selected، bleeding and slaughtered at 24 and 42 days of age. Results showed that the performance parameters were not affected by the WHPE with the exception of feed intake that was lower for the birds received 300 mg WHPE. The production index and carcass relative weight were not altered by the level of WHPE with the exception of the relative weight of liver، proventriculus and gizzard that greater at highest level of WHPE in 24 d. Birds received 300 and 450 mg WHPE had lower abdominal fat as compared to control (P<0. 05). Birds received 150 mg WHPE had higher concentration of HDL and lower glucose in 24 d. The enzyme activity of ALT and AST were higher when broilers received 300 mg WHPE in 24 d (P<0. 05) however، it did not changed at 42 d. It is concluded that the addition of WHPE to broiler diet could not significantly influence on performance parameters، although it may be reduce the abdominal fat and enhanced the liver enzyme activity.

This study was conducted to investigate performance of native chickens produced in the centre of production and breeding of native chicken of Isfahan in rural areas of Isfahan province by using 1440 native pullets with age of 45 days in 4 towns and 2 climate zone of warm and cold. This study employed by coworking 60 rural families that 24 pullets with age of 45 days with ratio of 5 hen to 1 rooster were given to every family. The results indicated that the meaning weight of native hen and rooster pullets in Isfahan Province at ages of 8، 12 and 24 week were respectively 671± 109 and 853 ± 125، 929 ± 177 and 1199 ± 237، 1765 ± 363 and 2167 ± 335 gram. The meaning weight of native pullets at towns with warm climate were bigger than towns with cold climate. The meaning mortality of native chickens up to age of 8، 12، 24، 48 and 75 week were respectively 6 ± 3. 6، 10 ±7. 1، 16 ± 10. 4، 26 ± 12. 6 and 32 ± 12. 5 percent. There was no significant difference between total mortality in warm and cold climate. The age of start laying، peak of egg production، percentage of peak production of native chickens were respectively 172 ±12 days (24 ± 1. 8 weeks)، 40 ± 4. 5 weeks and 63 ± 10. 8 percent، whereas the age of start laying in warm climate was significantly (P< 0. 05) lower than cold climate. The age of 50 percent production، total laying rate، meaning weight of egg، the number and total amount of egg production during a period of 12 months were respectively 45 ± 3. 1 week، 44 ± 9. 7 percent، 53± 2. 4 gram، 155 ± 35. 9 and 8 ±2 kilogram. The age of 50 percent production in warm climate was significantly lower than cold climate. The meaning weight of egg affeced by the climate so that the meaning weight of egg in cold climate was significantly (P< 0. 05) higher than warm climate.

This research was conducted to study the performance of barley green fodder (BGF) yield in hydroponic system fed to fattening lambs. In a 16 week experiment، barley grain was grown in hydroponic system، during 5 and 7 days growing periods and the green fodder was included in the diet of fattening lambs، within two different feeding trials. The first trial was aimed to compare the BGF with barley grain in the diet of finishing lambs in which 27 male lambs (with 5 to 6 months age and about 40 kg initial weight) were fed with three experimental diets during a 50 day period. The diets were: 1) control، 2) five day growth BGF and 3) seven day growth BGF. In the second trial، 20 male lambs (with initial weight of 42-43 kg and about 7 months age) were used for a 49 days experiment in which BGF (7 day growth) was compared with forage portion of the diet. In first trial، feed intake، daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly (p<0. 01) decreased in lambs fed BGF، but no statistically differences were found between the treatments in second trial، except for the dry matter intake that was reduced (p<0. 05) in lambs fed BGF. Results of economic evaluation showed that feeding BGF increased the feeding cost، but decreased the income so that resulted in a negative economic balance in both trials. In conclusion، this study revealed that converting barley grain to green fodder in short term hydroponic growing system، as forage for fattening lambs، would not have advantages than the original grain or forage portion of the ration، nevertheless decreased the economic and animal performance، then it is not recommended.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of camelthorn (Alhagi sp.) as a foraghe in the diet of Balouchi sheep (during the last two months of gestation and two months of lactation) where 72 ewes in a completely randomized design with three treatments (diets) and four replications were used. Experimental diets were: 1) wheat straw 50%، alfalfa hay 30% and barley grain 20%، as control group; 2) camelthorn hay 40%، wheat straw 25%، alfalfa hay 15% and barley grain 20%; 3) camelthorn hay 80 and barley grain 20%. Results showed that the average daily dry matter intake was reduced by sheep that received diet contained 40% camelthorn (P < 0. 05) however، no significant differences were obtained when the dry matter intake was estimated based on the metabolic body weight (g/kg of BW0. 75). The average daily milk yield was significantly higher (P < 0. 05) in treatment three than that of the treatment two. The birth weight of lambs was not statistically affected by the treatments but the daily gain of lambs was lower (P < 0. 05) in treatment two during 60-day recording. The feeding cost was reduced by inclusion of camelthorn in the diet where the lowest cost was by the diet contained 80% camelthorn. In conclusion، camelthorn may be used in the diet of ewes as roughage feed، although more research is required in this field.

The effect of Green tea، Echinacea purpurea، Rosemary extracts on dilation of oxidation and rancidity development in broiler thigh meat was studied. Therefore، fresh thighs were dipped in 0. 1% alcoholic aqueous extract during 15 min and kept frozen (-20°C) until 6 months. Sampling was carried out at 1، 30، 60، 90، 120،150 and 180 days of aging at -20°C. A parallel experiment with Ascorbic acid as an antioxidant supplement and distilled water (control) was carried out in the same condition. Green tea extract had the most effective antioxidant activity and Echinacea and rosemary were as second and third antioxidants activity in comparison to ascorbic acid and control respectively (P<0. 05). Samples treated with Green tea، Rosemary and Echinacea had higher redness rather than control and samples treated with ascorbic acid (P<0. 05). A significant decreased in lightness was observed on 30th and 90th days of aging times (P<0. 05). No significant differences were observed between different treatments on leg meat water holding capacity. The mean pH of thigh meat were 6. 25 to 6. 36 in different treatments and aging times، the highest pH value belonged to Echinacea treatment (pH=6. 36) and the lowest was observed in control treatment (pH=6. 28) (P<0. 05). Finally، results showed that Green tea، Echinacea and rosemary are powerful and effective antioxidants when dipping broiler thigh meat in soluble extract of there.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different commercial multi enzymes and nutrients levels of diets on performance and carcass traits of broilers. In this experiment 288 day old Ross – 308 broilers (male and female) were used as (2*4) factors include: Two levels of nutrients in diets (Ross- 308 nutrients recommendation and 5% less than Ross- 308 nutrients recommendation) and three multi enzymes (Saphizym، Kimin، Combo and control group) in a completely randomized design in 8 treatments، 3 replicates and 12 birds in each replicate from 10-42 days. The results showed that in starter، grower and finisher period، reducing 5% of diets nutrients levels less than Ross- 308 nutrients recommendation did not have any adverse effects on performance of broilers; however increased the abdominal fat percentage. In starter period using commercial enzymes improved the broilers performance، but in starter and finisher periods they could not positively affect the broilers performance. Commercial multi enzymes did not have any effects on carcass traits of broilers. Interaction between diets nutrients levels and multi enzymes did not have any significant effects on performance and carcass traits of broilers (P>0. 05). The overall results indicated that in broilers، reducing 5% of diets nutrients levels less than Ross- 308 nutrients recommendation did not have any adverse effects on performance of broilers، however increase the abdominal fat percentage and using commercial multi enzymes did not have any positive effects on performance and carcass traits.

Three Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models; General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)، Redial Basis Function (RBF) and Three Layer Multiple Perceptron Network were carried out to evaluate the prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of wheat and corn from its chemical composition in broiler. Input variables included: gross energy (GE)، crude protein (CP)، crude fiber (CF)، ether extract (EE)، ash and phosphorous as well as essential amino acids profiles (Arg، Cys، His، Ile، Leu، Lys، Met، Met+Cys، Phe، Thr and Trp). Output variable was AME of wheat or corn feedstuffs. The results showed that R2 ofThree Layers Perceptron Neural Network is higher than other two models in both wheat and corn. The best estimation for wheat and corn resulted from the CP (R2=0/89) and GE (R2=0/97) inputs، respectively. In wheat، RBF model had better estimation than GRNN model in all inputs except for the amino acids input. The RBF model was poorly estimated only with gross energy input. In corn، GRNN model has lower estimation than two other networks except gross energy input. Thus it was concluded that the artificial neural networks can be a powerful tool for predicating metabolizable energy from its chemical composition than multiple linear regression in broilers.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vinegar and phytase supplementation on performance، blood lipids، immune system and some carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. For this purpose 240 one-day old male broiler chicks was divided in a 2×2 factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 4 treatments، 5 replicates and 12 chicks in each and reared throughout 42 day production. The experimental basal diets included vinegar (0 and 2%) and phytase enzyme (0 and 500 U phytase/kg of feed). Results indicated that use of 2 percentage of vinegar increased the feed consumption and body weight gain in Total expermental period (p˂0. 05). Vinegar increased the feed conversion ratio from 0 to 14 d of age (P˂0. 05) whereas phytase was significantly improved the feed conversion ratio from 0 to 14 d of age (P˂0. 05). Vinegar decreased the cholesterol، triglyceride، LDL and VLDL levels in blood serum (p˂0. 05). Combine the vinegar and phytase decreased the triglyceride and VLDL levels in blood serum (p˂0. 05) whereas، phytase alone didn’t have any effect on blood lipids (p˃0. 05). Also result showed that vinegar increased the relative weight of bursa and spleen (p˂0. 05) and phytase increased the relative weight of bursa (p˂0. 05). Phytase increased the abdominal fat (p˂0. 05) while vinegar didn’t have any effect on carcass characteristics (p˃0. 05). In conclusion، results showed that use of 2 percentage of vinegar improved the performance and decreased the harmful lipids in blood serum in broilers

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of dietary Aloe vera gel powder on performance، gastrointestinal organs and intestinal microflora in Japanese quails. Seven hundred one day old Japanese quails were allocated in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments replicated 5 times each with 35 birds per replicate for 6 weeks. The experimental treatments were: 1) control group (basal diet، diet without aloe vera gel powder)، 2) basal diet + 0. 1 percent of aloe vera gel powder. 3) basal diet + 0. 2 percent of aloe vera gel powder، and 4) basal diet + 0. 3 percent of aloe vera gel powder. The bacteria populations of the intestinal tract were investigated using eosin methylene blue، MRS agar and agar nutrient media. The results did not show any significant differences between dietary treatments for feed intake، feed conversion ratio and weight gain (P>0. 05). There were also no significant differences between the dietary treatments for the relative weight of thigh، gizzard and liver (P>0. 05). For duodenal weight، there were significant differences between control group and treatments supplemented with 0. 2 and 0. 3 % of Aloe vera gel powder (P<0. 05). However، threre were not significant differences between the dietary treatments for the relative weights of jejunum and ileum (P>0. 05). In spite of non-effective impact of Aloe vera gel powder on the performance of the quails، the results indicated a beneficial effect for Aloe vera gel powder on gut microflora by decreasing and increasing the counts of E-Coli and lactobacillus، respectively. Therefore، adding Aloe vera gel powder to the diets of Japanese quails could be recommended in order to controlling the gut microflora communities and enhancing the health status.

A total of 1440 Arian chicks were used in this study to determine the effects of diet formulation methods on performance and blood parameters of Arian chicks. Eight diets were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial design with 2 methods of energy expression (apparent (AMEn) and true (TMEn) metabolizable energy corrected to N equilibrium)، 2 methods of amino acids content of feeds (total (TAAF) and digestible (DAAF)) and 2 methods of amino acids requirement (total (TAAR) and digestible (DAAR)) from 1 to 42 days of age. Each treatment was replicated in six times containing of 15 males and 15 females. The results showed that the productive parameters increased when the Feed formulation was based on TMEn and DAA، compared to AMEn and TAA methods (p<0. 05). The values of blood parameters related to energy metabolism in a way that chicks were fed diets which formulated based on TMEn had high levels of glucose، triglycerides، cholesterol and HDL. The values of blood parameters associated with protein metabolism in a way that; use of DAAF method increased the total protein، globulin and urea of serum. Uric acid، albumin and LDL were not affected by any of the systems. Therefore use of TMEn method and digestibility coefficients of amino acids to feed formulation could improve metabolic efficiency and so productive parameters

The aim of this research was to study two alleles BF2*13، BF2*21 of BF2 gene in Class I MHC in two population at Sistan and Baluchestan Province. MHC is a gene cluster that play regulation role in immune system. Many experiments showed association between the gene cluster and resistance and sensitiveness against different diseases and، also productivity traits. BF2 gene is among associated loci. In the research، blood samples were collected randomly from 72 native chickens (37 Khazak and 35 Dashtiari chickens). After DNA extraction from blood samples with standard kit، the quantitative and quality of DNA were determined by gel agarose 1%. Next stage would be designing appropriate primers for BF2*13 and BF2*21 alleles. Using PCR this alleles were amplified and PCR product observed by gel electrophoresis which were 52bp and 197 bp، respectively. Frequency of samples contain BF2*13 allele in two populations Khazak and Dashtiari observed 75. 6 and 22. 8%، respectively. Also frequencies of samples contain BF2*21 allele in two populations Khazak and Dashtiari were 45. 9 and 34. 2%، respectively. In other hand، in Khazak population that frequency samples contain BF2*13 alleles is high، allele frequency samples contain BF2*21 allele that associated with resistance to Marek disease and in flu and IBD and some productive traits، is relative property، then animal breeders could be use allele frequency of these alleles in breeding programming.

In this study، 100 Moghani sheep from breeding station located in Jaafarabad، Moghan were genotyped for exon 1 of IGF-I gene، using PCR-SSCP. Different band patterns were obtained in this site gene that was studied. Based on SSCP patterns، three genotypes BC، BD and BB obtained with frequencies of 65%، 26% and 9%، respectively. The genotype frequencies had a significant deviation from HWE. In addition، significant associations were observed between BB، BD and BC genotypes and weaning weight، weight in six months، weight in nine months، Average daily gain and Kleiber ratio. No association of the genotypes with the Birth weight and Yearling weight traits were found. These association polymorphisms and growth traitsmay be applied in sheep breeding schemes as marker assisted selection (MAS).