فصلنامه پژوهش های منطقه ای
سال دوم شماره 6 (زمستان 1393)

In this article by looking at the traditional realist and liberal attitudes, the subject of international relations which results is tendency to approach "war centered" or "peace centered" in international relations, and the fundamental distinction of Islam with them have been studied. Islam as a complete religion with its rational and humanistic teachings has different approach to the nature of international relations. The Source of different views in international relations is in their principles of ontology, epistemology and methodology. And these principles, strengthens their approach to the international system. This paper attempts to explain the Islamic approach to international relations by investigating the fundamental principles of ontology and anthropology, And the Islamic principles is recognized in international relations, by using the verses of the Quran. In the Islamic teachings by the distinct and comprehensive stance on essence and nature of man, International relations and peace and war are associated. War is caused by an imbalance of the relationship between nature and human instincts, where the instincts are overcome the nature. According to Islam the international arena should be veer from the state of anarchy in favor of the formation a kind of "international community", and thus have the common identity; An identity which confirms this meaning that the future of the international community is associated with the behavior of all its actors. This means that the idea of "bliss", make human sensitive to the international system's future, and so should try for leading others and rectification of the affairs. According to Islam, peace mechanism is cut off the roots of war, which mainly takes place through the rational relationship between instincts and nature. Humans naturally hate war and are interested in peace and stability; But his instincts of supremacy and power saving, sometimes break the deep innate desire and leads social relations to conflict and controversy. Thus, in Islam foreign relations, war is not original (as the realists think) and peace is not permanent (as the idealist believe); But in Islamic viewpoint the phenomenon of war and peace constitute the objective reality of human history. But eventually Islam with regard to their global mission to call everyone to bliss and perfection, always follow the establishment of peaceful relations and knows the peaceful coexistence as the principle in foreign relations with foreign countries.

The main characteristic of Turkish foreign policy in the aftermath of the Cold War is attention to the surrounding areas and especially Islamic countries. Turkey are discovering about areas with high affinity in terms of historical and cultural. Turkey's foreign policy has lain in order to increase the presence and influence in the region, under the influence of cultural commonalities such as religious and common history as well as areas potential for investment and economic profit. Of course, an internal development in Turkey also has a major impact on the orientation of foreign policy. Mismatch of ideas with Turkish people's social -cultural identity that are provided by the Ataturk and the impact of external factors such as Iranian Islamic Revolution led the Islamist parties to have the largest share of political power after the Cold War in Turkey. These parties have a major role in changing the orientation of Turkish foreign policy towards the Muslim countries that is also known as "The attitude of the East". In this paper, after reviewing the context of the Turkish foreign policy's transformation after the Cold War, the New Regionalism of Turkey, with emphasis on the role of cultural and economic factors will be investigated. This article is done by the use of descriptive - analytical way and library and online resources.

Muslim world following the influx of colonial, encountered with Western ideas and formation of the West-oriented ideas and ultimately establishment of the modern state- and of course dependent puppet of Western colonizers-. These states followed infrastructure changes in their traditional society due to the influx of Western thoughts and ideas-that make them executive without investigation-and by the goal of modernization of society and what is regarded as "development". In this regard they know religious as the most important obstacle to the modernization of society and effort to control and limit it. This paper attempts to study Egypt with a focus on the question that "What are the religious policies of the modern state of Egypt toward the religion? "And tries to check this hypothesis that "Formation of the modern state in Egypt and modernization policies was associated with control policy of religion which ultimately led to limitation the sources of political and social power of the religious community groups and the shrinking of their impact and penetration in Egypt". This study was written with institutional approach that studied the religion as an institution in the action of the modern state of Egypt.

Islamic civilization has a history with many ups and downs. Muslims in early Islam created unified and coherent communities, based on their faith and scientific - political effort. But The Mongol conquest and the Crusades, confronted Islamic civilization with serious challenges. And its growth was stopped in Iran, Ottoman and India by colonial policies of the West. In the face of these challenges, the Islamic movements in the Muslim world were formed. This article seeks to analyze the movements in the context of Islamic civilization. Accordingly first the history of Islamic civilization and then Islamic awakening in the four waves are analyzed. Initially Islam world's elites joined Islamic awakening. They have offered different views to get out of the stagnancy. Following the Muslim people came to the scene and Islamic awakening became and popular and won in some areas.

Political developments in Pakistan have been affected by the structures and agents, domestic Political - social structures and foreign structures on the one hand, agents and political- religious actors in Pakistan on the other hand, have been affective on the developments and events in this country. This means that developments in Pakistan are from the structures and agents that interact on each other. And sometimes these structures (Pakistan's government and political system, political- population geography, religion, etc.) Along with agents (Internal actors, the army, political parties and powerful foreign actors), can effect on political process of Party - political groups Such as the Shiite and specifically Party of united Muslims. This article has been proposed that although Shiite have played an important role in conflicts and political competition of authorities and politicians, But Pakistan's rulers have tried to use the role of Shiite for Strength of their power and government. This means that the Shias in the power structure of Pakistan are used as a tool for integration and operation of political parties. And the killing of Shia is as a result of disregard of the Pakistani government to extremist and terrorist groups such as (LeT and the Companions Army and Jhngvy) in this country. And somehow it seems to be the political extra-regional will for sectarianism and conflict between Sunnis and Shiites in Pakistan. In this paper, referring to the position of Pakistan's Shiites, also some effective anti- Shia regional and international powers have been mentioned.

One of the aspects of a rich and fruitful past of Muslims in India is centers and academic institutions such as libraries that reflect the scientific life a country. In the history of Indian Muslims, knows valid Libraries such as Nawab Ruhileh, momtaz-al olama, Nasiriyah, Alvaezyn school, Rajeh Mahmud Abad and Reza That had very precious and valuable books. The most important factors for development of Muslims libraries in Indian were Muslim governments. Besides Muslim rulers were scientists, also they honored scholars and artists that its effects are observed in migration scholars to India and the establishment of scientific centers such as libraries. But the development ended by the end of Muslim governments in India and domination of British colonialism. And colonizers loot not only economic and political capital of India's but also took their scientific and cultural capital to libraries and museums of Europe. Only the individual efforts of sympathetic scholars keep that part of the capital and prevented the looting entire investment.