فهرست مطالب

Iranian Journal of Toxicology
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Summer 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/04/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Farshid Fayyaz * Pages 1287-1289
    Background
    Sulfur mustard is one of the chemical warfare gases that has been known as a vesicant or blistering agents. It is a chemical alkylating compound agent that can be frequently absorbed through skin, respiratory system, genital tract, and ocular system. This study was done to pathologically analyze the microscopic pancreatic lesions in cadavers.
    Methods
    This case series study was performed during 2007 to 2012 in Legal Medicine Organization. Exposure was confirmed by the written reports of the field hospitals, based on acute presentation of eye, skin and pulmonary symptoms of the exposure.
    Results
    Pancreatic autopsy findings were chronic inflammation, fibrosis and duct ectasia; acinar atrophy was also seen in 4 cases. All 4 cases had chronic pancreatic disease with abdominal pain, steatorrhea and weight loss that was confirmed by sonography. CT scan and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) have also demonstrated the chronic pancreatitis.
    Conclusion
    According to the chronic progressive lesions caused by mustard gas exposure such as pulmonary lesions and also its high mortality rate, suitable programming for protection of the mustard gas exposed people in chemical factories is necessary.
    Keywords: Autopsy, Lung Injury, Mortality, Mustard Gas
  • Golenaz Karimi, Parisa Ziarati * Pages 1290-1295
    Background
    Toxic and hazardous heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, zinc, chromium and iron are found in a variety of personal care products, e.g. lipstick, whitening toothpaste, eyeliner and nail color. The nails absorb the pigments of nail polishes and vaporized or soluble metals can easily pass it. The goal of this survey was to assess whether the different colors of nail polishes comply with maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the EPA’s guidelines.
    Methods
    150 samples of different popular brands of nail polishes in 13 colors (yellow, beige, silver, pink, white, violet, brown, golden, green, black, colorless, red and blue) were randomly purchased from beauty shops in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014. Microwave digestion EPA method 3051 was used by a microwave oven to determine the amount of 5 heavy metals; Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium. One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, hierarchical cluster, and principal component analyses were applied by Statistica 7.0 software.
    Results
    The concentrations of chrome, lead, nickel and arsenic showed significant differences between the colors (p<0.05). In all studied samples, the level of cadmium was beyond the safe maximum permissible limit (MPS), but no significance difference in the cadmium content was identified.
    Conclusion
    Due to the high concentrations of toxic metals in many brands of nail polishes, meticulous quality control is recommended for these beauty products.
    Keywords: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cosmetics, Lead, Metals Heavy, Nickel
  • Sanaz Pashapour, Zahra Mousavi *, Parisa Ziarati, Karim Ebrahim Najafabadi Pages 1296-1300
    Background
    Cigarette butts have been shown to release numerous kinds of chemicals such as heavy metals in water and may be a continual source of aquatic environments contamination after discarding. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of Cd and Pb in cigarette filters of different Iranian and non-Iranian brands in smoked and non-smoked samples.
    Methods
    Ten different brands of cigarettes were collected from Tehran, Iran local markets in 2014. Standardized international protocols were followed for preparation of the materials and analysis of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) contents. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 software by ANOVA and Student T tests.
    Results
    The average concentration of Cd in Iranian cigarette filters was 0.42±0.03mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 0.31±0.05mg/kg (p=0.4). The average concentration of Pb in Iranian cigarette filters was 22.32±1.15mg/kg and in non-Iranian cigarette filters was 23.62±3.17mg/kg (p=0.072). The Cadmium concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 0.18 to 0.48μg/g before and 0.25 to 0.88μg/g after smoking. The Lead concentration in cigarette filters ranged from 16.63 to 33.52μg/g before and 20.14 to 53.55μg/g after smoking.
    Conclusion
    Smoked cigarette filters have more concentrations of Cd and Pb than non-smoked cigarette filters and these concentrations are also different between Iranian and non-Iranian cigarette brands.
    Keywords: Absorption Radiation, Cadmium, Environmental Pollution, Lead, Smoking
  • Ali Sadeghi *, Mohammad Reza Imanpoor Pages 1301-1306
    Background
    Since heavy metals can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, they can cause a range of hazardous effects which can become harmful to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of some heavy metals as potential dangerous substances by assessing the mortality effects of Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2), Lead Chloride (PbCl2) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4) pollutants on a freshwater fish, silver dollar (Metynnis fasciatus).
    Methods
    Fish samples were exposed to different concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2), lead chloride (Pbcl2) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) for 96h and their cumulative mortality was calculated in 24h intervals.Results were analyzed by SPSS 16 to obtain number of cumulative mortality and lethal concentrations (LC10-99).
    Results
    LC50-96h was 0.94±0.41ppm, 86.84±1.04ppm and 32.24±1.41ppm for mercuric chloride, lead chloride and zinc sulfate, respectively. So, mercury had the highest toxicity to silver dollar fish.
    Conclusion
    Mercuric chloride and lead chloride has the lowest and highest rate of mortality among these tree metals on silver dollar fish; however, the mortality rate was increased with increasing concentrations of toxins with time.
    Keywords: Fishes, Lead Chloride, Lethal Dose 50, Mercuric Chloride, Water Pollution Chemical, Zinc Sulfate
  • Soheil Sobhanardakani * Pages 1307-1311
    Background
    Pesticides are one of the important sources of environmental pollution that influence human health. The aim of current study was to determine diazinon and benomyl residues levels in mushrooms grown in greenhouses.
    Methods
    Mushroom samples were obtained from 10 active greenhouses of Hamadan Province, Iran, every 14 days from May 2014. The absorbance of diazinon and benomyl were measured at 435nm in a Chemistry laboratory in Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University by spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and one-sample test in SPSS 20 statistical package.
    Results
    Diazinon residue levels in mushroom ranged from 0.026 to 0.185mg/kg. Approximately 90.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with diazinon, which was significantly more than MRL for human consumption provided by European: :union:: (0.05mg/kg). Benomyl residue levels ranged from 0.00025 to 0.097mg/kg. Approximately 50.0% of mushrooms were contaminated with benomyl, which was significantly higher than the MRL for human consumption provided by WHO (0.01mg/kg).
    Conclusion
    Mushrooms of Hamedan Province, Iran, Greenhouses contamination with diazinon and benomyl is higher than international standards.
    Keywords: Benomyl, Diazinon, Food Safety, Mushroom, Pesticides
  • Hasan Solhi, Dariush Badakhshan, Seyyed Jalil Monabbati, Amir Mohammad Kazemifar, Abdol Ghader Pakniyat * Pages 1312-1315
    Background
    The illicit vials with street name Temgesic and Norgesic has been distributed in black market of Iran in recent years. With reference to their name, one may presume that they contain the opioid Buprenorphine; but there are some reports in opposition to this. True nature of these vials has been shown in the current study.
    Methods
    All of drugs that had been apprehended by law enforcement police in Arak city in center of Iran during March 2010 to September 2010 were included in the study. Totally 31 samples were analyzed. The samples were examined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Gas chromatography with mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to confirm the results.
    Results
    All of the samples contained opioids include Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, Mono acetyl morphine and Acetyl codeine with varying proportions. In addition, pheniramine, amitriptyline and caffeine were found in some samples. There was no Buprenorphine in the samples. Presence of the steroid Dexamethasone in the samples was shown too.
    Conclusion
    When the physicians treat the patients with acute or long-term complications of Temgesic and Norgesic abuse, they should mull over true nature of the vials; not their disingenuous street name.
    Keywords: Buprenorphine, Heroin, Norgesic, Street Name, Temgesic
  • Mahboubeh Taherkhani * Pages 1316-1321
    Background
    Artediffusin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide group which has been isolated from Artemisia diffusa. Artemisia has always been of great botanical and pharmaceutical interest and is useful in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases and complaints. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cytotoxic, mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities of Artediffusin (Tehranolide) extracted from Artemisia diffusa.
    Methods
    Cytotoxicity was measured using a modified MTT assay on normal human lymphocytes and cancer cells. The mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities of Artediffusin were evaluated using the Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation S9.
    Results
    28μg/ml concentration of Artediffusin inactivated 77.73±0.78% of HeLa cells activity and 5600µg/ml concentration of Artediffusin inactivated 28.79±1.82% of lymphocytes activity. The maximum percentage of anti-mutagenic activity of Artediffusin was observed in the strain of S. typhimurium TA98, with the presence of metabolic activation S9.
    Conclusion
    Artediffusin may be exploited as a natural anti-cancer and anti-mutagenic agent with low adverse side effects
    Keywords: 9, Methylfluorene, 1, 9, Dimethylfluorene, Antimutagens, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Salmonella Typhimurium, Tehranolide
  • Musa Toyin Yakubu *, Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro, Oluwayemisi Beatrice Ojewuyi Pages 1322-1330
    Background
    The effects of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem at the doses of 18, 36, and 72 mg/kg body weight on alloxan-induced toxicity was investigated in Wistar rats.
    Methods
    In total, 35 rats of both sexes (132.80±7.22g) were randomized into five groups (A-E): animals in group A received 0.5 ml of distilled water orally on daily basis for 15 days while the alloxanized rats in groups B, C, D and E also received orally 0.5 ml of distilled water and same volume of the extract corresponding to 18, 36, and 72 mg/kg body weight, respectively after which levels of some biomolecules were determined.
    Results
    Administration of alloxan significantly (P<0.05) increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio, levels of serum total and conjugated bilirubin, uric acid, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- as well as activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum whereas activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the liver and kidney, erythrocytes and leucocytes indices, total protein, globulin and PO42- levels as well as albumin/globulin ratio decreased (P<0.05) significantly. Alloxan also caused severe necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells in the nephrons and degeneration of the hepatocytes. Although all doses of the plant extract significantly mitigated these changes; the reversals at 72 mg/kg body weight of the extract compared well (P>0.05) with their respective non-alloxanized distilled water treated control animals in 78% of the parameters investigated.
    Conclusion
    Overall, the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem attenuated the alloxan treatment related biochemical, haematological and histological changes in the rats with the 72 mg/kg body weight achieving total reversal in 18 out of the 23 parameters investigated.
    Keywords: Alloxan, Diabetes Mellitus, Fadogia agrestis, Mitigation, Reversal
  • Felor Zargari *, Amir Ghorbanihaghjo, Hossein Babaei Pages 1331-1335
    Background
    Arsenic is one of the most toxic metalloids. Anemia and leukopenia are common results of poisoning with arsenic, which may happen due to a direct hemolytic or cytotoxic effect on blood cells. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nasturtium officinale on blood cells and antioxidant enzymes in rats exposed to sodium (meta)arsenite.
    Methods
    32 Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups; Group I (normal healthy rats), Group II (treated with 5.5mg/kg of body weight of NaAsO2), Group III (treated with 500mg/kg of body weight of hydro-alcoholic extract of N. officinale), and Group IV (treated with group II and III supplementations). Blood samples were collected and red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet, total protein and albumin levels and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test.
    Results
    WBC, RBC and Hct were decreased in the rats exposed to NaAsO2 (p<0.05). A significant increase was seen in RBC and Hct after treatment with the plant extract (p<0.05). There was no significant decrease in serum albumin and total protein in the groups exposed to NaAsO2 compared to the group I, but NaAsO2 decreased the total antioxidant capacity, significantly.
    Conclusion
    The Nasturtium officinale extract have protective effect on arsenic-induced damage of blood cells.
    Keywords: Arsenic, Blood Cells, Nasturtium officinale, Oxidative Stress
  • Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani, Soheil Sobhan Ardakani *, Hoda Karimi, Rezvan Sorooshnia Pages 1336-1341
    Background
    Soil serves as a major reservoir for contaminants as it can bind to various chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of some metals (Cd, Cu, Fe and V) in soil samples collected from different stations of Ahvaz Industrial Complex II to determine the natural and anthropogenic contribution of metal in the soil.
    Methods
    This was an experimental study that carried out in 2013. Soil samples were obtained from 9 stations and were subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe and V in soil were determined by ICP-OES. Contaminant factor (CF) and geo-accumulation index (I-geo) were used to evaluate the soil pollution in the samples. ANOVA, Duncan Multiple Range and Pearson correlation coefficient matrix tests was used to analyze the data.
    Results
    According to I-geo results, the soil samples of the Ahvaz Industrial Complex II could be classified as strongly to very strongly pollute for Cd and it was unpolluted to moderately pollute for Cu, Fe and V. The amount of anthropogenic pollution was more than that of natural sources and the anthropogenic order of metals pollution was Fe (88%)> Cu (83%)> Cd (75%)> V (61%).
    Conclusion
    Metals concentrations are the highest at a distance of 300m from the pollution source. V, Cu and Cd pollutants are probably originated from oil industries.
    Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Metals Heavy, Soil Pollutants