فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

The aim of this study was to determine the condition of safety equipment in indoor sport facilities of Education Organization in Tehran from managers and coache's perspectives (19 managers and 71 coaches). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of this questionnaire was approved using Cronbach alpha coefficient (α=0.88). Findings showed that 1- First aid equipment with mean of 7.10 was weak and did not enjoy an appropriate condition. 2- Fire extinguishing equipment with mean of 8.78 was lower the average level and did not have a good condition. 3- Communication services with mean of 6.57 were weak and in a dangerous condition. 4- Risk management measures with mean of 8.10 were below the average level and did not enjoy a proper condition. 5- Totally, the condition of safety equipment in these sport halls with mean of 7.64 was considered as inappropriate and dangerous. 6- Although the perspectives of managers (with mean of 8.74) on safety equipment variable was better than coache's perspectives (7.19), the results of independent t test showed that this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.085). 7- Totally, the condition of risk management in the observed sport halls was assessed below theaverage level (M=9.03). With regard to these results, it is suggested that managers and coaches gain and enhance their knowledge about risk management and safety facilities and the related methods and principles through participating in educational workshops so that they can use it to manage, identify and reduce potential risks and to provide a safer environment for participants, spectators, employees and other people present at sport facilities.

One of the best and most widely used methods to increase muscle strength is pyramid and reverse-pyramid method. The application of this method has been widely approved in adults but not in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pyramid and reverse-pyramid strength exercises on muscle damage and insulin-like growth factor in nonathlete adolescents. 20 non-athlete male adolescents (age: 16.13 ± 1.01 years, height: 170.73 ± 2.13 cm, weight: 57.23 ± 2.04 kg) exercised 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks after an introductory session on resistance exercises. Blood samples were collected in four phases and then aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, creatine kinase and serum insulin-like growth factor were measured. To analyze the collected data, ANOVA was used in SPSS. Findings indicated that one session of activity and a period of pyramid and reverse-pyramid strength exercises had no significant effect on the serum concentration of AST, ALD and IGF-1 enzymes but it had a significant effect on the serum concentration of CK enzyme in nonathlete adolescents. It seems that pyramid and reverse-pyramid strength exercises have similar effects on muscle strength and muscle tension in adolescents; so they can be used interchangeably.

The aim of this study was to survey the condition of ethical ideology of Iranian premier league soccer players. For this purpose, Ethical Position in Professional Soccer Questionnaire (EPPSQ) with 15 items developed by Shajie et al. (2012) was employed and randomly administered to 162 Iranian premier league soccer players from 11 teams (Rahahan, Naft Tehran, Shahid Sepasi, Foolad Khoozestan, Shahin Booshehr, Sepahan Esfahan, Malavan Anzali, Naft Abadan, Peykan Tehran, Pas Hamedan, Alominium Hormozgan). The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the internal consistency was proved in a pilot study. With regard to the normality of the hypotheses and the homogeneity of variance of the general score of the questionnaire and its subscales (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test), the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test (P˂0.05). Results showed no significant differences between score of ethical ideology (F=0.549, P=0.853) and idealism subscale (F=1.721, P=0.081) in the teams. But there was a significant difference between ethical ideology and relativism in the teams (F=2.050, P=0.032). It can be concluded that Iranian soccer players have ethical skepticism and this dubiety gradually spreads relativity in Iranian soccer and moves towards more situationism and less absolutism day to day.

The liver-derived polypeptide hepcidin is a variable that may contribute to the incidence of iron deficiency in athletes. So, the aim of this study was to compare resting serum hepcidin and iron status between the elite female futsal players and non-athletes. 24 futsal players from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province who played in the national league were selected to participate in the study purposefully (sports history: 4.5±1 years). The control group consisted of 22 age-matched healthy non-athletes. The mean age of the participants was 20.07±1.48 years, weight 53.16±6.97 kg, height 161.48±4.06 cm and BMI 20.29±2.31. The resting serum hepcidin, serum iron, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation percentage, total ironbinding capacity (TIBC) were measured using ELISA kits (DGR Company, Germany). The results showed no significant difference in hepcidin, transferrin and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) between athletes and non-athletes while there was a significant difference in hemoglobin and serum iron between the two groups. In this study, an insignificant reduction in hepcidin of female futsal players may be due to an increase in iron needs of athletes as a part of an adaptation process which is produced by prolonged exercises.

This study aimed at identifying some factors influencing vandalistic behaviors and the difference in tendency to such behaviors in various population groups. Research method was survey and data collection was carried out by a questionnaire and statistical population consisted of the spectators of Iran premier league football matches (379 subjects in Azadi Stadium in 2009). Results from examining the relationship between independent and dependent variables indicated a significant reverse relationship between social control and monitoring variable and tendency towards vandalistic behaviors, that is to say as it increased, the extent of tendency towards vandalism decreased. This relationship was direct for other variables of the study, that is to say violence, failure, and revenge had a significant relationship with the extent of tendency towards vandalistic behaviors so that an increase in each variable increased the tendency towards vandalism. By studying the integrative effects of independent variables on dependent variables, a conceptual model for tendency to vandalistic behaviors was formulated and presented based on these results. Results of the model demonstrated that frustration and supervision and social control variables had an indirect effect on the extent of tendency towards vandalism via variables of violence and revenge. Also, violence variable (0.343) had the maximum effect on the extent of individual's tendency towards vandalistic behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of auditory intervention on some cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of athlete males during recovery period after an exhaustive exercise session. In this semi-experimental study, 10 athlete males (mean + SD age: 22±2.44 yr, height: 175±3.78 cm, weight: 69.4±4.65 kg) voluntarily participated in the study via cross-over method. The subjects performed Bruce protocol until exhaustion in 2 consecutive sessions with a 72-hour interval between the sessions. Then, they were recovered after exhaustion without music and with fast music in the two sessions. The variables (heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption and blood pressure) were measured in 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds of recovery period. The results showed that listening to fast music during recovery period significantly decreased cardiac output, stroke volume, tidal volume and oxygen consumption and significantly increased respiratory exchange ratio (P<0.05). The present study showed that listening to fast music immediately after vigorous exercise decreased cardio respiratory efficiency and metabolic system tended to anaerobic metabolism.

The aim of this research was to identify customer's satisfaction from Ahwaz fitness clubs. This research was survey which was conducted by field method. The statistical population consisted of male and female customers of fitness clubs in Ahwaz in 2011 (N=950). Using the Kerjesy and Morgan’s table and convenience sampling method, the statistical sample was determined (n=273). A researcher-made customer satisfaction questionnaire containing 61 questions in 5 sections was used to collect data. Construct validity of the questionnaire was calculated via factor analysis (0.90), and reliability was estimated as 0.96 using Cronbach’s alpha method. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (binominal test, Mann- Whitney test) were employed and the significance level for testing hypotheses was determined (α=0.05). The findings showed that the customers were generally satisfied with the physical fitness clubs of Ahwaz (M=3.99). Although there was no significant difference in the amount of satisfaction between male and female customers regarding social relationships, physical-mental health, the quality of staff services and exercise programs, there was a significant difference in the satisfaction from equipment and physical environment of fitness clubs between male and female customers, that is to say men hadhigher satisfaction than women. Considering the results of this research, it is recommended that fitness clubs pay more attention to quality of services and standards of their equipment and facilities in addition to customers’ needs and favorite sport fields especially for females.

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of neck pain in bachelor, master and PhD students with an emphasis on their gender. In this cross-sectional study which was descriptive (causal-comparative), 511 female and 516 male students were selected from six universities in Tehran. The mean neck pain in subjects was measured by Visual Assessment Scale (VAS) during the past year. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for the analysis of the variable at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study showed a significant difference in the extent of neck pain between male and female bachelor, master, and PhD students (P≤0.05), with both male and female PhD students having significantly more pain than bachelor and master students (P≤0.05). Thus, prevention and treatment of neck pain is more important for the PhD students to decrease its prevalence and related problems.

The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between role clarity and job compatibility of employees in Sport and Youth offices of Western Azerbaijan province. The method of the study was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population consisted of all employees (N=300) in Sport and Youth offices of Western Azerbaijan province in 2012. With regard to the population and Morgan table, 175 subjects were selected as the sample by the stratified random sampling method. Data were collected by Dawis and Lofquist (1991) job compatibility questionnaire (α=0.83), Sawyer (1992) questionnaire (α=0.88) and personal information questionnaire. To analyse the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance were used. Results showed a positive significant relationship between role clarity and job compatibility and between role clarity components and job compatibility components in Sport and Youth offices of Western Azerbaijan province. There was no significant difference in mean opinions of employees about role clarity components and job compatibility components considering demographic variables (gender, career history and level of education).

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of demographic characteristics in job satisfaction of physical education managers at universities. The research method was descriptive and of survey type. The statistical population consisted of physical education managers at those universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The sample was equal to the population (67 physical education managers). The demographic characteristics questionnaire and a standard MSQ questionnaire were used to collect the data. One-sample t test was used to compare the theoretical and experimental means of job satisfaction and multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the role of demographic characteristics in the managers’ job satisfaction. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and theoretical means and the managers’ job satisfaction was high. There was no significant difference among the managers’ job satisfaction with regard to the demographic characteristics. The lowest level of the managers’ job satisfaction was related to the salaries they received for the work they carried out. Based on the results, it is necessary for those who make decisions about managers’ salary, benefitsand labor management to consider the salaries and benefits of these managers and the amount of work they perform. The attention should be focused on those cases where the demographic characteristics are not considered in their computations.