فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1391)

The purpose of this study was to determine and study the factors development of athletics track and field country. The study sample consisted of 120 individuals consisting of 40 experts, 40 coaches and 40 athletes. Measuring instruments was the researcher-made questionnaire consists of seven main variables (labor, hardware equipment, talent, techniques, management, education and research, and motivation).Sport management professors confirmed the validity of the questionnairesand the reliability of the questionnaires were determined =83 in pilot study. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (KS), Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kruskal- Wallis test at a significance level of p ≤. /05. The results showed that experts respectively; talent, management, staffing, hardware equipment, procedures, training and research and Motivation, Coaches, respectively; management, motivation, talent, methods, equipment, hardware, training, research and manpower and Athletes, respectively; hardware equipment, personnel, procedures, training and research, motivation, talent management have been effective for promotion of the sport Athletics Championships. The results showed that the views of experts, coaches and athletes on the track & field championship level, there are significant differences.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the anthropometric and physiological profile of Iranian elite female futsal players. Thirty-three players of Iranian national female futsal team have been recruited (n = 33: mean age 22.46±3.04 yrs). All subjects performed a graded exercise test on motorized treadmill to examine VO2max, lactate threshold and O2 pulseby breath to breath gas analyzer apparatus and the 30s Wingate test to examine anaerobic power. Iranian elite femalefutsal players had mean height 164.1±4.85 cm, body mass 56.6±7.31 kg, %BF 21.96±3.31, VO2max 45.91±6.37 ml/kg/min, lactate threshold at %80.05±8.84 VO2max, O2 pulse 13.42±1.84 ml/bpm, and peak & average anaerobic powers 13.63±1.81 & 7.54±0.64 w/kg, respectively. It is concluded that Iranian elite female futsal players had no better anthropometric profile then Brazilian and Turkish futsal players but they had better anaerobic profile. Our finding may be used to talent identification in futsal and athletic training program designing.

Today, the increasing complexity of organizations and differences in thinking, opinions and individual beliefs has made conflict the inevitable part of organizational life. Regarding this, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between perceived conflict and conflict management styles among the managers and personnel of West Azerbaijan Province Sport and Adolescent Organization. It is a survey research that involves the descriptive and correlational study of a two-group statistical population selected, respectively, from Sport and Adolescent Organization and several sport groups of West Azerbaijan Province; the first group included 50managers and heads and the second one included 150 personnel and trainers. The data were collected by Dubrin (1985) and Afzal Rahim (1983) questionnaires and were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and significance testing. The results of independent t-test showed a significant difference between the conflict perceived by the managers and personnel; that is, the average conflict perceived by the managers is significantly higher than that perceived by the personnel. Additionally, the other findings of the research indicated that there is a significant difference between the compromise and conflict management styles of the managers and those of the personnel; namely on average, the compromise and accommodation among the personnel is higher compared to the managers. However, there was no significant difference in competition, collaboration and avoidance styles of the mangers and the personnel. Also, the results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a significant and positive relationship between the conflict perceived with collaboration, avoidance and compromise styles in both groups. Nevertheless, the relationship between the conflict perceived with competition and accommodation styles was not significant.

There is very little information about the impact of Sport activities and increasing physical education sessions during a week on the function of immunity system in children and teenagers. Therefore the current study was conducted to examine the impact of one, two and three physical education sessions in a week on the amount of IgA and Salivary cortisol in elementary male students.Twenty-four elementary male students (age: 10±5, weight: 36±6.4, height: 142±66) were randomly divided into 3 eight-member groups participating in one, two and three physical activity sessions in a week. Each session (futsal+ basketball) lasted for 45 to 50 minutes. Saliva samples were collected in three phases of before, immediately after and 24 hours after the physical activity to measure the amounts of Salivary IgA and cortisol using ELISA method. Friedman test (investigation of inter-group difference), Kruskal-Wallis test (investigation of intra-group differences) and Wilcoxon Test (investigation of the difference position) were used to analyze data in the significance level of (P < 0.05).The results of Friedman test showed that participating in one session (p= 0.222), two sessions (p= 0.223) and three sessions (p=0.076) physical activity in aweek doesn’t have a significant impact in the average IgA of the students in different stages of measurement. Also, participating in two (p=0.13) and three (p=0.88) sessions of physical activity in a week doesn’t have a significant impact on students’ Salivary cortisol in different stages of measurement. Participating in one session of physical activity in a week (p=0.01), however, has a significant impact on students’ Salivary cortisol. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test also revealed that there is no significant relationship between Immunoglobulin A and Salivary cortisol of studentsin response to one, two and three physical activity sessions in a week (P> 0.05).The research findings showed that one, two and three physical activity sessions can’t make have a significant impact on Immunoglobulin A and Salivary cortisol in students. So it seems increasing the physical education sessions in schools can rise the joy, freshness and the level on healthiness in students.

The aim of present research is to develop a comprehensive external evaluation model of sport federations performance in iran using fuzzy – entropy decision making pattern in the year 2012. Now a days, the role of evaluation systems and effective monitoring organizations is completely known. Studies show that the evaluation system of sport federation’ performance does not enjoy a comprehensive and up to date model. This research is a descriptive and a survey method. The population includes sport ministry and sport federation which are 234 people. Measurement toolis a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity (face and content) and reliability of the questionnaire were approved by considering expert’ oudgenent in the field and (α = %95). To develop the model, first, the dimensions were determined based on scott view and present evaluation models, particularly logic model next, the properties, while taking care of performance evaluation variables (ambiguous and in completeness), using mathematical method of fuzzy – entropy were given weights and prioritized and at the end the final performance evaluation model sport federations was designed. Based on the research findings, in participants’ views the dimensions and properties of the model are: in the case of content dimension [present state,organization priorities], input dimension [human resources (having the heaviest weight), financial resources], process dimension[championship and professional sport, (having the heaviest weight), managerial duties, educational activities, relationships and sharing, sport talent finding, sport fun, commercializing, sports training, information and communications technology, research, medicine sport, sport law, welfare facilities, cultural- sport(having the heaviest weight)], output dimension, and the dimension impacts and results. The model can help sport ministry’s managers and examiners to externally evaluate. The quality of sport federation’s performance applying a systematic and comprehensive attitude.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consuming supplements on anaerobic power and some immune system factors in elite wrestlers following a period of acute weight loss. The statistical population consisted of Iranian elite freestyle wrestlers; 21 subjects (age 22.23+2.50 yr, weight 75+9.40 kg, height 170+5.50 cm and BMI 25.8+2.70) were volunteered to participate as the sample in this study and were randomly divided into three groups. Their blood samples weregathered and anaerobic power test was performed to determine baseline of variables. The first group did not consume any supplements during six days of weight loss as well as during 16 hours of returning to their primary state. The second group consumed glutamine during these two periods and the third group consumed glutamine during their weight loss and glutamine and creatine during 16 hours of returning to their primary state. Then, in a 6-day period, they lost 6% of their body weight. Blood samples were gathered again to determine the effect of the acute weight loss on immune system factors and anaerobic power test was performed again. The results showed that control subjects reduced the anaerobic power of their upper and lower extremities while this reduction was not significant. Glutamine subjects slightly decreased their anaerobic power. Glutamine and creatine group significantly increased their anaerobic power. The results of posttest showed a significant difference in the anaerobic power of upper and lower extremities between Glutamine and creatine group and control group. There was a significant difference in theanaerobic power of upper extremity among the three groups. There was no significant difference in immune system factors among the three groups. Generally, the results showed that glutamine and creatine consumption can prevent from reducing anaerobic power, even significantly increase it and can positively affect immune system factors although this effect is not significant.

The aim of this study was to review the effect of the cession of public sport facilities to private sector to improve Tehran's sport development. Statistical study of 135 managers, employees and experts and people who are related to the research in the department of youth sports that they were selected for study. For access to the research target, the questionnaire was used to confirm the validity and reliability by experts in a primary test were calculated with 30 subjects and Cronbach's alpha 0.91. In order to analyze data collected from the descriptive and inferential statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one sample t-test, Friedman and ANOVAwere used. The research showed that the cession of public sports facilities to the private part in the development of championship and the public sports, government Policies and job creation in Tehran has no significant impact. The general plan has not succeeded in Tehran province. Also the priority of assignment to the private sector in Sport in Tehran includes the successful cession of places cut the government Policies, job creation, development and expansion of the sport for all andchampionship sport. Finally, the perspectives of various researchers about the importance of cession public sports facilities to the private sector, there is no significant difference in Tehran province. Ultimately it can be concluded that, the general plan has not succeeded in Tehran province, so it is necessary the policies about cession of public sports facilities to the private section are changed in Tehran province.

Transcription factors (TFs) are molecules that regulate some genes including neurotrophins in multicellular organisms. Recently has been shown that these elements play significant role in crucial processes such as; differentiation and development through regulation after translation. Our goal in this study was examination of effect of light aerobic running on the expression of NRSF/REST andchanges in BDNF protein in the hippocampus of adult male rat. This experimental study was conducted with the animal model so 24 adult male wistar rats, 8 weeks of age, were selected as subjects (with mean body weight of 200-225 gr). The animals randomly divided into 2 groups of control (n=12) and runner (n=12). In runner group, animals daily were allowed to run on treadmill at a speed of 12 m/min, for 30 minutes, for 2 weeks. Changes in protein levels were determined with ELISA technique. Changes in expression of genes estimated using qRT-PCR technique.Statistical analysis using SPSS software, by independent sample T test showed that, light aerobic running leads to decreased expression of REST and an incensement in BDNF protein levels statistically (p≤0.05). How changes in these two factors show that, exercise as a mediating factor is involved in growth and neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity and on the other hand, neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus of adult male rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of the progressive endurance training with and without turmeric during lead exposure on the cortical and trabecular bone tissue geometric indices of femural and tibial in Wistar rats. For this purpose, the 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; 1)base, 2)lead, 3)training +lead, 4) turmeric +lead, 5) training + turmeric +lead. The rats in the 2 to 5 groups received lead acetate (20 mg.kg-1) and 4 and 5 groups received turmeric supplementation (30 mg/kg) peritoneally 3 days in week for 8 weeks. Progressive endurance training protocol were performed in the 3 and 5 groups, 5 days a week, with speed 15 to 22 meter per minute and duration of 25 to 64 minutes. The results show that 8 weeks of implementation of exercise and supplement programs, and especially the combination of both induced increase in the cortical volume and thickness and the trabecular volume and thickness and decrease in the trabecular Separation of femur and tibia. While exposure to lead causes these trends are reversed. In addition, despite differences in both types of bone tissues, Changes intibial trabecular thickness was more evident. So, it can be said that environmental exposure to lead may be a risk factor for bone and adoption a healthy approach to life may be beneficial effects on bone microarchitecture, in particular, in weight-bearing bones with trabecular tissue.