فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1391)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of event quality, service quality and team identification in the satisfaction of football spectators. Research method of this study was correlation, survey and field. The population of this study consisted of all spectators of Esteghlal-Persepolis derby in football premier league of Iran. Since the population size of the study was over than 70000 people, based on Morgan scale the sample size was determined as 353 individuals (age>18 yr) by stratified random sampling method. To collect the data, four questionnaires of event quality of Zhang et al. (1997), service quality of Wakefield et al. (1996), team identification of Trail and James (2001) and satisfaction of Oliver (1980) were used. Face and content validity of the questionnaires was determined by eight sport management professors and their reliability by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.72, 0.77, 0.96, 0.76 respectively). To analyze data, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression was used. Results showed a positive and significant relationship between research variables and satisfaction (p<0.01). Furthermore regression result showed that team identification was a stronger predictor of spectators’ satisfaction. Considering strategies to increase the attendance of spectators through increasing their positive experiences, club managers and authorities of football premier league organization can consider activities in their long-term plans. Furthermore, they should pay more attention to the team identification as the most important factor of spectators’ satisfaction.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between last stride of run-up of upward jump in spiking and anaerobic power with jump height and deviation from vertical axis in male elite volleyball players. For this purpose, 14 male elite volleyball players (mean weight 76.67±10.51 Kg, height 1.91±0.03 m, age 19.4±4.94 yr) were filmed with a Kodak video camera (125 Hz). Motion analyzer of Micromax system was used to perform upward jump for spiking. Sergeant jump test was recorded by a digital system (precision ± 1cm). Data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS15 software as well as Pearson correlation coefficient. The results revealed no significant relationship among those variables in question but a significant correlation was observed between the normal last stride of run-up of upward jump and anaerobic power (r=0.526) and also between long last stride of run-up of upward jump and anaerobic power (r=0.570) (P≤0.05).

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between demo-economic factors and the success of participating countries in Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games. The present study was casual-comparative and applied. The statistical population consisted of 45 countries participating in Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games (not previously analyzed). The statistical sample consisted of 36 countries which had won medals in these games. The data were collected from different English and Persian evidences and valid websites of World Bank and Olympic Council of Asia. Parametric situation of data was ascertained by Kolmogoro Smirnov (K-S) test. Also, one-way ANOVA determined the linear relationship between the predictive variable (success) and all demo-economic factors (population, GDP, health expense, growth rate, team size and ex-host). The results of Multivariate Regression analysis showed that among demo-economic factors, team size could significantly predict the success of countries participating in Guangzhou 2010 Asian Games (R2=0.78, P<0.0001).

Physical activity may decrease with age while World Health Organization determines the physical activity as the first index of a healthy society. Decreased physical activity may affect the physical and mental factors in people. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mental health and its relationship with musculoskeletal disorders in elderly athletes and non-athletes from north of Tehran. An available sample of 205 elderly in north of Tehran were selected to be surveyed. The general health questionnaire and Nordic questionnaire were used to investigate their mental health subscales and musculoskeletal pains and disorders. Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results showed a significant difference in mental health and its subscales between athletes and non-athletes. Additionally, logistic regression predicted the association of neck and knee pains and disorders with depression and social functioning symptoms (p<0.05). According to the results, regular physical activity may have a significant effect on the mental health of the elderly. Furthermore, musculoskeletal pains and disorders may be an effective and associated factor with increased depression signs and social performance and work relationships in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to prioritize the competencies of managers of sports events by the viewpoints of university professors in Iran. The study was descriptive and survey and was conducted as a field research. Statistical population consisted of 39 university professors with more than three years of experience in teaching courses related to the management of sports events and the statistical sample was equal to statistical population. To collect data, COSEM questionnaire of the competencies of managers of sports events (Toh, 1997) consisting of 65 closed questions was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by university professors, and its reliability was 0.87. In order to prioritize the competencies of managers of sports events, the confirmatory factor analysis with varimax rotation was used and Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used to confirm normality of the data. The results showed that the most important competencies of managers of sports events from the viewpoints of the university professors were event planning and management techniques, sports facilities management, event marketing management, financial procedure, political issues, communications/public relations, management techniques, risk management and computer skills.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of four weeks of CoQ10 supplement consumption on VO2max, peak anaerobic power and specific endurance in indoor soccer players. 14 indoor soccer players (age 21.42±1.69 yr, peak anaerobic power 437.94±54.63 watt, VO2max 48.84±3.87 ml/kg/min) who were experienced in national college championships were randomly divided into two groups where supplement group (N=8) consumed CoQ10 supplement (300 gr/day) and placebo group (n=6) consumed placebo. Both groups trained for four 90-min. sessions per week. Supplement and control groups consumed 300 mg of CoQ10 and placebo respectively daily. Bruce test was performed on a treadmill to measure VO2max and time to exhaustion, Rast test and Hoff test were used to measure peak anaerobic power and specific endurance. The values were obtained before and after the intervention period and compared using student paired and unpaired t tests. Findings showed that after supplement consumption, posttest VO2max did not change in supplement group (from 48.65 ml/kg/min to 51.58 ml/kg/min). Time to exhaustion (from 811.87 seconds to 816.66 seconds) and specific endurance (from 1291.25m to 1381.25m) did not significantly change. It can be concluded that four weeks of CoQ10 supplement consumption could not increase VO2max, time to exhaustion, anaerobic power and specific endurance of indoor soccer players. So the consumers should take this supplement longer so that they can benefit from its positive effects.

Today, sport has two distinct yet inter-related facets. It is a professional activity in one hand that some choose it as their sole job and a variety of organizations and agencies come into existence to employ athletes and sport management. On the other hand, it is regarded as a cultural commodity by different social classes. Sport is thus recognized as a very influential commodity and its transformations in its professional part spread and affect different aspects of the society. Nowadays sport especially championship sport faces multiple cultural problems. One of the important steps inthis path is to recognize the cultural atmosphere of sport and its current problems sothat we can reach a suitable condition in sport. This paper aimed to present sportexperts’ viewpoints on cultural activities in sports, the cultural status of sport, the punishment and awarding system, and the managerial and structural issues in Iran championship sports and to provide strategies to decrease cultural problems of sports. The results of this research highlighted the following shortcomings in the cultural domain of Iran championship sport according to the experts’ viewpoints: Lack of a clear and definite cultural plan in Iran championship sports. Indefinite responsibilities of federations in cultural domains. Structural weakness of the cultural management of sports. Lack of a cultural system in the sports clubs. Baseless slogans in the cultural sphere of sport domain. Inconsistency between the sports cultural programs and the actual needs of the society. Managers’ wasteful or extremist actions in the cultural and ethical policies in sports. Bureaucratic management in the cultural domain of sport. Lack of common understanding in managers about the concepts of culture and ethics in sports.Prioritizing pragmatism over value-orientation. Lack of executive guarantee of cultural policies in sport domain.

Studies show that heavy resistance exercises resulted in an increase in the DOMS and inflammation, but the effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic supplementation of ginger on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs- CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and markers related to delayed muscle soreness including creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), immediately and 24 hours after resistance exercise with two reverse overload systems in power athletes are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the short-term ginger supplementation on hs-CRP, IL-6, CPK and LDH following the increasing and reducing overload systems in male young volleyball and soccer players. 40 athlete males in a longitudinal design were divided randomly into four groups: training (experimental) groups and placebo groups with the overload systems of increasing and reducing. Subjects were investigated in two separate stages (with one week interval) with and without ginger supplement. Resistance exercise included special exercises for different parts of the body that were performed with 1RM during 3 sessions per week for one week. The experimental group orally received 3 capsules (Each capsule contained 1000 mg) of ginger rhizome powder three times a day for one week. Blood samples were collected before (T1), immediately (T2) and 24 hr (T3) after resistance training. Results showed that resistance training in both systems, particularly the decreasing overload pattern significantly increased LDH, CPK, IL-6 and CRP immediately and 24 hours after aforesaid exercise when compared to placebo group. Although ginger supplementation did not affect rest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and delayed muscle soreness compared to the period before supplementation, it attenuated their increase following both systems particularly increasing pattern. The results showed that resistance exercise specifically with reducing overload method results in systemic inflammation and delayed onset muscle soreness even in prepared athletes and short-term ginger supplementation alleviates the systemic inflammation and delayed muscular soreness caused by the resistance training particularly the increasing overload system.

Sport development is a step towards the development of Iran. Mass media are important tools for sport development which can contribute to achieve sport goals. The aim of this survey was to investigate the role of mass media in sport development. The method used in this study was descriptive، field and survey. A questionnaire was designed in five sport development dimensions. The validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed and then distributed among 342 subjects of the sample (in four groups: media managers، media experts، sport managers، sport experts) from 560 media and sport experts as the statistical population of the study. The results showed a significant difference between existing and desired condition in subjects’ viewpoints on the effect of mass media on sport development in all five dimensions (α≤0. 05). It can be concluded that mass media play an undeniable role in sport development; they improve variables of sport development through their nature and finally develop sport.