مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 75، تیر 1394)

Salmonella infections، or salmonellosis such as typhoid، bacteremia، enterocolitis are the major health problem worldwide، especially in developing countries including Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of methanol and aqueous extracts of Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit against Salmonella spp. The present study is an experimental one Methanol and aqueous extracts of Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet method. Antimicrobial effects of the extracts were evaluated by agar diffusion method against Salmonella typhi (PTCC: 1609) and six clinical strains of Salmonella. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by micro-dilution method. All of the studied strains were sensitive to the aqueous and methanol extracts of Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit. The mean zones of inhibition were obtained in ranging from 6. 6 to 26. 6 mm. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mean diameters of inhibition zone and increased extracts concentrations (p<0. 001). The MIC values were ranged from 50-200 mg/ml، whereas the MBC values from 100- 400 mg/ml. Methanol and aqueous extracts of Vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit had inhibitory activity against Salmonella spp.

Various diseases and injuries can lead to loss cartilage tissue. Cartilage tissue engineering based on the use of stem cells which has provided a promising opportunity to repair damaged tissue. Recently، adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have captured considerable scientific and clinic interest because of their easy access، rapid expansion in vitro and ability to differentiate into diverse cell lines. The aim of this study was to introduce the pellet culture system as an in vitro model for cartilage engineering approaches. This experimental study was performed in Stem Cell laboratory، The Academic Center for Education، Culture and Research، Qom in 2013. In this study، ADSCs were isolated and expanded from human adipose tissue. The cells were centrifuged and the chondrogenic differentiation was performed in pellet culture system. Viability potential and chondrogenic genes expression were evaluated by MTT assay and Real-time PCR analysis، respectively. In this study، data statistical analysis was carried out by independent T-test. In this study، our obtained results using MTT assay and Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated cell survival ability and proliferation and also the expression of chondrogenic-specific genes at pellet in comparison with control group. It is suggested that this method can be used for induction of chondrogenic.

According to the complications of dementia، its screening is important in elderly stage. Dementia screening tests need to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity. This study aimed at determining the cut-off point of the Persian version of Clinical Dementia Rating (P-CDR) and testing its diagnostic accuracy in the early detection of dementia among the elderly. This cross-sectional study was conducted by using the known-groups method. The purposive sampling of 50 patients with age-related dementia and 150 the elderly without dementia was recruited in kashan، Iran، 2014. The clinical interviewing and the findings of CT-Scan were used as the reference standard test. The index test was the P-CDR. A demographic questionnaire، the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)، and the P-CDR were used for data collection. The median of CDR scores in two known groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted for determining the cut-off point. The diagnostic parameters were calculated for determining the diagnostic accuracy of the test with 95% confidence interval. The cognitive state scores of the elderly with and without dementia differed significantly (8. 36±1. 76 vs. 0. 82±1. 69، respectively; p< 0. 001). The area under the ROC curve was 0. 968 (p < 0. 001). The Youden’s index showed that the optimal cut-off point for the test was 3. 75. The sensitivity، specificity، positive and negative predictive values، positive and negative likelihood ratio، overall diagnostic accuracy، and diagnostic odds ratio of the test at the cut-off point of 3. 75 were 1، 0. 94، 0. 88، 1، 0، 21. 42، 0. 96، and infinity، respectively. The P-CDR is a sensitive and precise test for assessing cognitive state in the elderly. So، it can be used in dementia screening and the program of monitoring elderly people’s health.

Despite global efforts to increase the exclusive breast-feeding، this rate is still undesirable. This study aimed to determine the applicability of the theory of planned-behavior in predicting intention to exclusive breast-feeding for six months among pregnant women in Qom in 2014. This cross-sectional study has been conducted on 240 pregnant women in Qom in 2014. Sampling was done through cluster sampling method. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS (version16) statistical software using correlation، one-way ANOVA، independent T-test and linear regression. The findings showed that 92. 5% of pregnant women intended to e breast-fed exclusivelyfor six months after delivery. All three structures attitude (r= 0. 63، p<0. 001)، subjective norms (r = 0. 38، p<0. 001) and perceived behavioral control (r= 0. 42، p<0. 001) had a significant correlation with intention. Among the variables entered into the regression model، attitude and perceived behavioral control were able to predict 43 percent of variance of intent on exclusive breast-feeding among participants (F= 60. 75، R= 0. 66، R2= 0. 43). Since the attitudes and perceived behavioral control were the significant predictors of intention of exclusive breast-feeding، considering the factors in breast-feeding educational interventions during pregnancy is essential.

Acute poisoning is one of the most common reasons for emergency department visits around the world. The knowledge of the pattern of poisoning would help to identify the risk factors and allow early diagnosis. The current study aimed to examine the pattern of acute poisoning in cases referred to the emergency department of Ali-ebn Abi Taleb Hospital of Rafsanjan. In this cross - sectional study 260 cases of poisoning referred to the emergency department of Ali-ebn Abi Taleb Hospital of Rafsanjan from October 2013 to September 2014 were evaluated. Information were collected using the self-made checklist through interviews with patients and review medical records file. Data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher''s exact tests. The mean age of patients was 23. 10±15. 16 years and most of them were in the age group 11-30 years، male، single، Iranian and residence in urban areas. Most cases (58. 1%) of poisonings were intentional. Drugs، methadone، pesticide and opium were the most common cause of poisonings، respectively. Intentional poisoning was significantly more common among age group 11-30 years، women and patients with a history of psychiatric disorders and a history of previous poisoning (p<0. 05). The majority of accidental poisoning (68. 3%) was found in children less than 10 years and the most common cause of accidental poisoning was methadone. The fatality rate was 1. 9% and pesticides were responsible for 60% of deaths. Given the higher prevalence of intentional poisoning، it is essential to take the necessary steps in order to identify the causes and prevention of suicide in high-risk groups. High prevalence of accidental poisoning with methadone indicates that more attention needed by training on how to distribute and maintain methadone.

Diabetes imposes restrictions on physical، emotional and social functioning of children and adolescents. Behavioral activation therapy (BAT) seeks to overcome the psychological problems of children with diabetes and increases the psychological well-being in them for a long time. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of BAT based on changing lifestyle on depression، psychological well-being and feeling of guilt in children between 7-15 years old with diabetes. The present study was a randomized clinical trial. The study population included all patients 7-15 years that referred to the diabetes association of Tabriz of whom 38 participants were selected using convenient sampling. They were randomly allocated into two equal groups including experimental and control. Therapeutic intervention was performed in 8 sessions of 70 minutes each. Data were collected before and after the intervention through completing questionnaires of Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS)، Eysenck Feelings of Guilt Scale and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). After the treatment، depression and feeling of guilt scores in the intervention group significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (p<0. 001). Also، psychological well-being in the experimental group showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group (p<0. 001). BAT might be effective in diabetic children. The aforementioned treatment is suggested to be used in other psychosomatic diseases of children as a complementary treatment.

Nowadays the use of new learning technology and internet are developing. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of electronic learning and teaching based on lecture on awareness of nursing students of Islamic Azad University، Abhar branch about heart dysrhythmias. In an educational trial study، nursing students in sixth semesters، were randomly selected and placed in two groups; electronic learning and teaching based on lecture، each of the groups include 35 students. The amount of knowledge was evaluated by pre-test. Teaching the heart dysrhythmias was performed by lecture in one group، and by weblog in another group. After one week، the amount of knowledge was campared with post-test. The tool was used for collecting the information was researchers'' self-made questionnaire. Data were analysed by Software، descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) To compare the mean of students''s knowledge scores in pre and post-teaching، it was used paired t-test within each group، and indipendant t-test among groups. Results showed weak awareness before teaching and teaching had significant effect on increasing the knowledge of heart dysrhythmias after the intervention of each group (p=0. 0001 for both electronical and lecture group). There was not any significant difference between the average of two groups (pre-test: p=0. 06، post-test، p=0. 21). Learning by weblog the same as teaching by lecture، has a positive effect on knowledge of nursing students and it is suggested to use this method as substitute or complementary method along with teaching-based on lecture.

Pregnancy is a major event in a woman's life that can bring a lot of stress for her. Fear of childbirth is a common problem for pregnant women. This fear can be a predictor of caesarean section in them. This study aimed to investigate the causes of fear of childbirth in pregnant women in Shahrekord. This descriptive-cross-sectional study was performed on 130 pregnant women referred to health centers in Shahrekord city. Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire was used to collect the data. For data analysis, it was used descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson's correlation coefficient and t-test). The results showed that, the main cause of fear of childbirth in pregnant women was fear of painful injections during labor. The mean score for fear of delivery in multiparous women was significantly greater than the nulliparous women (p<0.001). Concerningthe increase of caesarean rates, it is important that health care providers pay more attention to the causes of this fear.