مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1394)

Free radicals are unstable molecules in reaction with other molecules lead to a variety of injuries and illnesses. However، to prevent the injuries، enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants react with free radical in various forms. Free radicals and antioxidant enzyme acts by various mechanisms، although age، gender and physical activity affects on these reactions. Different responses and adaptation are experienced to oxidative stress among women and men، young، elderly، subjects with physical fitness and untrained subjects. The present article reviewed the effect of oxidative stress due to exercise-induced adaptations.

Fetal heart pattern is one of the most important criteria in non stress test. This study was done to compare the effect of two anxiety- reducing methods, maternal relaxation and fetal-maternal attachment skills training on the prevalence of sporadic fetal heart decelerations and heart beat variability. In this clinical trial study, 126 pregnant women were randomly divided into three groups including teaching relaxation, maternal-fetal attachment skills and controls. Training was done for four weeks. NST was performed 30 minutes before of traning and after 4th week of training in the interventional groups. In the control group, NST was done in the 4th week. Cranley scale was filled at the end of the study. The prevalence of sporadic deceleration in attachment skills, relaxation and control groups before intervention was 23.8%, 19% and 21.4%, respectively. After the intervention, the prevalence of sporadic deceleration in attachment skills group non-significantly changed to 11.9%. After the intervention the prevalence of sporadic deceleration in the relaxation group significantly changed to 4.8% (P<0.05). Maternal relaxation training decreased the prevalence of sporadic fetal heart decelerations, and enhances fetal heart beat variability.

The therapy of psychological problems in children and adolescents not only has medicinal aspects, but also it is really considered as prevention of psychological disorders. The most common childhood disorders that may be referred to mental health professionals is behavioral disorders. Among these, the most common is conduct disorder. This study was done to determine the efficacy of adolescent parent management training in conduct disorder symptoms and improve parent's parenting styles in 14-16 adolescent. In this clinical trial study, following the diagnosis disorder in 32 adolescent the subjects and their parents randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. Disease sign inventory (CSI-4) questionnaire, rabinson parenting style questionnaire and sanders educational package for adolescent were used in pre and post-test. Conduct symptoms in post test significantly reduced after scores modification (P<0.05). Scores in authoritarian parenting style significantly increased while permissive and authoritative styles reduced in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Training parentings improve relationships between parents and children and in addition it is an effective intervention in the treatment of behavioral disorders in children and adolescents.

Diabetes mellitus can cause kidney histological changes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) consumption during pregnancy in diabetic rats on kidney histological altrations of offsprings. In this experimental study, 60 adult female albino rats, randomly allocated into four groups including: healthy with regular meals consumption as control, healthy which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily), diabetic with regular meals consumption and diabetic group which consumed barley (10 grams per each rat per daily). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin. After confirmation of pregnancy by observing the vaginal plug, on 21th day, the dams were anesthetized and embryos were removed. Crown rump length and weight of embryos were recorded. After kindney tissue processing, sections with 5 micrometer thickness were stained with H&E method. Interstitial tissue and capillary congestion, Bowman's capsule wall thickening, degeneration of epithelial tissue, distal and proximal tubules, incomplete formation of glomerular and inflammation were observed in embryos of diabeticts group. These tissues alterations significantly reduced in the embryos of diabetic group which consumed barley. The crown rump length of embryos significantly reduced in diabetic group in comparision with controls. There was not any diferences in crown rump length of embryos between diabetic consumed barley and diabetic group. The weight of embryos was non - significantly more in diabetic groups than controls. The weight of embryos reduced non - significantly in diabetic plus barley consumption in comparision with controls. The consumption of barley is beneficial in reducing kidney histological alterations in embryos of diabetic rats.

Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia are the prevalent risk factors associated with diabetes and their attenuation in diabetic patients with medicinal plants has great significance. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Salvia officinalis (SO) administration on serum glucose, lipids and tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups including: control, SO-treated control, diabetic, and SO-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was used. SO powder was mixed with standard rat chow. Serum glucose and triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were determined on the first day and at 3rd and 6th weeks after the intervention. Finally, liver level of MDA and protein were determined in liver homogenate. At 6th week, serum glucose level was significantly higher in diabetic and SO-treated diabetic groups (P<0.001) in compare to controls. Oral consumption of SO did not significantly reduce serum glucose level. Serum triglyceride level significantly reduced in SO-treated diabetic group in compare to diabetic group (P<0.05). There was not significant difference between SO-treated diabetic and diabetic groups. Serum level of cholesterol, HDL, LDL and tissue MDA level in SO-treated diabetic group in compare to diabetic group. Chronic administration of Salvia officinalis reduces serum triglyceride level in diabetic rats, with no significant effect on glucose level and Malondialdehyde.

Exposure to a stressor generates a wide variety of adaptive responses and alters the pharmacological effects of opioids. Common neural pathways are activated by morphine and stress. This study was done to determine the effect of chronic restraint stress and acute water immersion stress on the severity of naloxone precipitated morphine withdrawal manifestation in morphine-dependent rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups equally including: morphine-dependent - no chronic restraint stress (D/NS) (Control), morphine-dependent with chronic restraint stress (D/R), morphine-dependent with acute water immersion stress (D/WI) and morphine-dependent with chronic restraint stress under acute water immersion stress (D/R+WI). Rats were injected with bi-daily doses (10 mg/kg/bw, sc, at 12h intervals) of morphine over a period of 10 days in the presence or absence of restraint stress (1 h/day). On day 11, immediately after naloxone hydrochloride injection (2mg/kg/bw, ip), withdrawal manifestation were recorded. Water immersion stress was performed prior to naloxone injection in D/WI and D/R+WI groups. The overall score of morphine withdrawal was significantly lower in D/RS and D/RS+WI rats in compared to controls (P<0.05). Among the graded signs, the mean number of abdominal contractions and jumps was reduced in D/RS+WI and D/RS rats in compared to control groups (P<0.05). Among the checked signs, the number of rats per group with erection and genital grooming were reduced in restraint rats by 25% than control group (P<0.05). Chronic restraint stress with or no acute water immersion stress diminished severity of dependency on morphine. Thus, restraint stress may be applied as a method to ameliorate some of the withdrawal behavioural consequences of morphine.

Thyroid hormones have a key role in regulation of metabolism and function of the tissues. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea on serum level of thyroid hormones in hypercholestrolemic rats. In this experimental study, 60 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups including: control group with normal diet, fat diet group with high fat diet and interventional groups were received high fat diet and alcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea with maximum dose (800 mg/kg/bw), moderate dose (400 mg/kg/bw), minimum dose (200 mg/kg/bw) intraperitoneally for 21 days and finally, animals in atorvastatin group were received high fat diet with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally) for 21 days. After the end of this period, T3, T4, TSH and total cholesterol measured for each animal. Serum level of T3 and T4 in the experimental groups which were received Portulaca Oleracea extract and atorvastatin group significantly increased in compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of TSH level significantly reduced in the experimental groups which were received Portulaca Oleracea extract and atorvastatin group in compared to controls (P<0.05). The serum total cholesterol level significantly reduced in the experimental groups which were received Portulaca Oleracea extract and atorvastatin group in compared to fat diet group (P<0.05). Portulaca Oleracea extract with increasing of secretion of thyroid hormone reduced the total cholesterol and TSH animals with hypercholesterolemia.

Accumulating evidence indicates a relation between aerobic capacity and glucose concentration, although the molecular mechanisms of this relationship are not fully known yet. This study was done to determine the effect of effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on aerobic capacity and glucose concentration in obese men. In this quasi-experimental study, thirty two adult obese males were divided into interventional and control groups. Anthropometrical indexes, fasting blood glucose and insulin, resting heart rate and aerobic capacity (VO2max) were measured before and after a 12 weeks aerobic exercise in the interventional and control groups. Beta cell function was calculated by fasting glucose and insulin. Long time aerobic exercise led to significant reduction in glucose (112±10 vs. 85±11 mg/dl), anthropometrical indces, BMI (28.44±2.29 vs. 33.24±5.14), increase in VO2max (26.12±4.11 vs. 32±6.41 ml/kg/min), beta cell function (83±23 vs. 181±35) and in interventional group in comparision with controls. A significant correlation was found between the changes in VO2max with changes in beta cell function and glucose level, these correlations were independent of BMI. There was no significant change in insulin level between intervention and control groups. Increased aerobic capacity or cardiovascular fitness by exercise training improve beta cell function of glucose concentration in obese men.

There are relations between rate of loading, osteoarthritis and genu varum result in osteoarthritis. This study was done to compare the peak vertical ground reaction forces and the rate of loading during single leg drop landing between men with genu varum deformity and normal knee from three heights. This quasi-experimental studywas carried out on 20 male students with genu varum deformity and 20 male students with normal knee. Genu varum deformity was measured and recorded by collis and goniometer. Subjects performed single-leg landing dropping from three heights (20, 40, 60 Centimeter) on a force platform. The peak vertical ground reaction force in calcaneus contact and the rate of loading between groups significantly were different (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the peak vertical ground reaction during toe contact. Frontal knee angle affect on loading rate. Maybe one of the reasons for higher injury risk and knee arthritis in genu varum population might be due to higher ground reaction forces and the rate of high loading.

Cardioembolic stroke account for one-fifth of ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation is the most common underlying cause. Taking an oral anticoagulation (Warfarin) is an effective way of preventing ischemic stroke but bleeding complication is common. This study was carried out to evaluate the validation of HASBLED score in prediction of hemorrhagic complications in patients with brain ischemia and atrial fibrillation under warfarin therapy. In this cohort study 112 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in term of major and minor bleeding complications were followed to the predictive value of HASBLED criteria for one year. Major bleeding complications defined as intracranial bleeding, bleeding leading to hospitalization, drop of hemoglubin of more than 2gr/dl or requiring transfusion. HASBLED criteria were defined as hypertension, abnormality in liver and renal function tests, history of stroke, history of bleeding, large fluctuations in coagulation tests results, age more than 65 years and an Anti-platelet and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and alcohol use one point is awarded to each of the aboves. During one year follow up, 10 (9.1%) of patients had major bleeding and 28 (25%) patients had minor bleeding. The risk of major bleeding was significantly related with a history of minor bleeding and HASBLED scores (P<0.05). The risk of minor bleeding was significantly related with warfarin toxicity and high INR (P<0.05). HASBLED score>3 was associated with the likelihood of major bleeding in future. Patients with HASBLED score>3 should be causious in initial stage of taking oral anticoagulant.

Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the most important problems in the world. Many morbidity are more prevalent in LBW included in attention deficit and hyper activity disorder (ADHD). This study was done to find the Relation between low birth weight with attention deficit and hyper activity disorder in children. This historical cohort study was done on 226 rural children in Yazd province, central area of Iran. ADHD symptoms were evaluated in LBW and NBW using DSM-IV criteria. Frequency of ADHD was 22.8% in LBW and 12.5% in NBW (P<0.05). The mean of family members was 4.7±0.6 and 4.2±0.8 in child with ADHD versus child without ADHD (P<0.05). Odd's ratio for ADHD was 3.1 in patient with more than one sister or brother (95% CI: 1.2-7.9, P<0.001), and 5.7 in patients with positive familial history (95% CI: 2.6-12.4, P<0.001). Relationship between ADHD and LBW was statistically significant. Positive familial history for ADHD and over-crowded family were social factors related with ADHD. LBW is one of the risk factors for ADHD and can be considered in children health program ADHD was frequent in child with low birth weight than child with normal birth weight.

The interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene on chromosome 11 has been suggested as a susceptibility factor for allergies. It is a member of the IL-1 family that was originally described as interferon (IFN-γ)–inducing factor. IL-18 might initiate Th2 responses with production of IgE via the stimulation of IL-4 and IL-13 synthesis in mast cells and in basophil and eosinophil recruitment, such as allergic inflammation. This study was done to assess the association of Interleukin-18 gene polymorphism -137G/C with allergic rhinitis. This case-control study was performed on 293 allergic rhinitis patients and 218 healthy control volunteers. The IL-18 polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The frequency of the GG, GC and CC genotypes were 64.2%, 32.1% and 3.7% in healthy controls and 60.1%, 35.5% and 4.4% in allergic rhinitis patients, respectively. This diference was not significant. This study suggests that IL-18 polymorphism gene -137G/C may not be participated as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.

Despite enormous progress in the understanding of human reproductive physiology, the underlying cause of male infertility remains undefined in about 50.0% of cases, which are referred to as idiopathic infertility and affects about 5.0-7.0% of the general male population. Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (ApE1) is a multifunctional protein that has an important role in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. ApE1 SNP T>G found in exon 5 led to substitution of Asp>Glu at codon 148. This study was done to evaluate the association of ApE1 Asp148Glu polymorphism and the risk of idiopathic male infertility. In this case-control study, blood samples were collected from 90 patients diagnosed with idiopathic male infertility and 90 healthy men, genotyped by Allele-Specific PCR (AS-PCR) method by using specific primers that were designed and the association between genotype and allele frequencies in cases and controls were estimated. There was no significant association between ApE1 gene polymorphism at codon 148 in case and control groups. No significant association was found between the Asp148Glu polymorphism and idiopathic male infertility.

Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common cause of urinary tract infections. UPEC strains possess an arsenal of virulence factors including fimH, iucD, iroN and hlyA which increase their ability to cause urinary tract infections. This study was done to determine the relationship between phylogenetic group and distribution of virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. This descriptive - analytic study was performed on 100 isolates Escherichia coli which collected from patients with UTIs. DNA was extracted from all isolates by the boiling method and subsequently DNA was used to determine the presence of genes encoding virulence factors by Multiplex-PCR. In addition, determination of phylogenetic group, A, B1, B2 and D, was performed by determination of present or absent of of yjaA and chuA genes and DNA fragment TSPE4.C2 using Triple-PCR. The frequency of virulence factors, fimH, iucD, iroN and hlyA were 95%, 69%, 29% and 32%, respectively. In all isolates, the frequency of phylogeny of groups A, B1, B2 and D were 17%, 6%, 55% and 22%, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the presence of virulence encoding genes and the B2 phylogenetic group (P<0.05). Virulence genes were common in phylogenetic group B2 isolates among all phylogenetic groups.

Mirtazapine is a norepinephrine and serotonergic antidepressant that is used in the theraphy of major depressive disorders. This study was carried out to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of mirtazapine using chromosome aberration and mitotic index tests in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In this descriptive -analytic study genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of mirtazapine at 24 and 48 hours treatment periods on four concentration (10, 25, 40, and 55µg/ml) was performed on peripheral blood lymphocyte of four subjects. Mirtazapine significantly reduced the mitotic index in the all concentrations but it non-significantly increased the chromosome aberration at 24-hours and 48-hours treatment periods. Mirtazapine has cytotoxic effect but it has no genotoxic effect on human lymphocyte.

Migraine is common worldwide. In recent years, vitamin D deficiency has been shown as a global health issue. This study was done to determine the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with migraine. This descriptive - analytical study was carried out on 76 patients (21 males, 55 females) with migraine aged 10-61 years olds. Serum vitamin D level of each patient was measured. Adjustments were done for age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), number of chronic diseases, and education level. The multiple linear regressions were done to determine the relationship between serum levels of vitamin D with migraine. Vitamin D defeicincy was seen in 13.2 of patients.The weak positive association was shown between serum vitamin D with headache (P<0.05), but no significant association was found between serum vitamin D level with migraine severity. No significant association was seen between serum levels of vitamin D with migraine severity.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis or Candida vaginitis is a common fungal infection among adult women during reproductive ages and it is the second most frequent infection of the female genital tract. This study was carried out to determine of the prevalancy and species of vulvovaginal candidiasis and related clinical findings. This descriptive - analytical study was carried out on 400 women whom reffered to gynological center in Chabahar city in South-East of Iran during 2013. Vaginal samples were examined with direct microscopy and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar and corn meal agar. Germ tube test and sugar assimilation test were carried out to differentiate the Candida species. The clinical findings including burning and itching during intercourse, burning with urination, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, vaginal deliveries, pH of the vagina, cervix appearance, consistency and color of vaginal in patients with vaginal discharge were recorded. The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was 45.8%. Isolated candida species were candida albicans with 80.87% and Candida non-albicans with 19.13%. There was significant correlation between itching (85.52%) and burning during intercourse (67.87%), hypogastric pain (80.53%) with vulvovaginal candidiasis (P<0.05). 73 patients (39.9%) reported urinary burning. The most common affected by vulvovaginal candidiasis was with marriages age of 11-20 years old (P<0.05). The most common isolated species was candida albicans. The common clinical findings were burning, itching, smelly discharge, vaginal parity.

There is not comprehensive information available about the control, complications and treatment methods of factor VII deficiency. Online registry system called seven treatment evaluation registries (STER) has been created which investigated the disease as an international multi-center prospective observational project in order to provide information about the effect and immunity of available therapies. In this report, five patients with factor VII deficiency were diagnosed and registered in Golestan Province, Northern Iran, during 2010-11. All treatment protocol, demographic charectristic of patients were collected and registered in www.targetseven.org on the basis of STER´s protocol.