فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 15 (بهار 1394)

The green spaces in urban areas are so important that it is within 5 the most important land uses in urban area. Neighborhood parks are the part of urban green spaces that help for having joyful and happy urban life. The adjustment between land uses whit each other and they suitability whit together in order to the welfare of citizens and for providing more and better service is important and need to thinking. in this research whit using adjustment matrix and GIS analysis، adjustments of neighborhood parks of the Municipality of 2 district of Tabriz be studied. Thus، we examined how they are distributed in the present situation، and the degree of compatibility and incompatibility and also the desirability of each park''s adjustment is identified. The results show that 36. 4 percent of neighborhood parks in the study area are fully compatible with their neighbors. also in this paper we have been tried to study the desirability of adjustments of neighborhood parks in three major types of urban uses (residential، educational and Main streets) that are more consistent with the object of study، assessed and evaluated، and finally the suitability of neighborhood parks in relation to close suitability to the three major uses also has to be considered. Studies indicate that the adjustments of neighborhood parks in study area whit main urban uses are in relatively desirable situation.

Sustainable tourism development is development of tourism and attract tourists to a region using available resources in a manner that will meet the needs of resident and expectations of tourists. According this view, successful development of a sustainable tourism must create dynamics relationships between people, resources and tourism and also brings benefits to all of them.In different ways, any area with focus on its potential and existing facilities can be developed. In order to development of any region, first step is economic development. Due to this, because the main purpose of tourism are income generation and attracts investment to the region, so tourism and especially ecotourism can has a key strategic role in the development of tourism in the region. Offering strategic approach for sustainable development of ecotourism in Kurdistan province and ranking them is the main aim of this study. Based on theoretical- practical, methods of this study is descriptive - analytic. The result indicated that the positive attitude towards tourism (476 %), Weakness or lack of government support for private sector (411%), increasing tend to tourism activities and particularly ecotourism activity and potential of Kurdistan in this filed (434%) and subsidies and the resulting increase in fuel prices and its negative impact on the travel and tourism (476%), are most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The results of ANP also shows that for sustainable development of ecotourism in Kurdistan, defensive strategies (WT) should be a priority.

The tourism industry as an emerging industry with distinctive and unique features has been the main economic activities in developed and developing countries. Golestan province with beautiful nature and unique landscapes has more than 350 diverse and valuable natural attractions. In this respect, it is one of the ecotourism hubs of Iran. This province as a part of the vast territory of Iran has a brilliant history and was the main center of the establishment of Aryan civilization in the north of Iran. In this geographic area, there are more than 1100 historical monuments. To take advantage of these valuable and diverse capabilities in tourism industry is regarded as important economic resources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of tourism in economic development of Golestan province. The present research is applied and its method, which was based on a case study, is a descriptive – analytical one. Statistical population included all experts in public and private organizations and institutions active in the field of tourism in Golestan province. Sample size of 195 subjects was determined based on the Cochran formula. Sampling method was purposive sampling (availability sampling). The data was collected via questionnaire and interview. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure reliability and validity of the instruments. Spss software was used for data processing. Hypotheses were analyzed by using chi-square test. The results indicated that tourism has a positive effect on employment development, increasing investments, improving income levels and quality of life indicators in Golestan province.

Among the various cities, extractive towns have special features, including a high focus on industries and mining activities; high environmental contaminants and social problems caused by the occupational migration, and cultural duality that could be the issue of instability in the environmental, economic, social - cultural and physical aspects created or exacerbated. In order to applied assessment indicators to determine statues of urban sustainability for the Iranian exploitative towns seem necessary. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the social - cultural aspects and sustainable urban development in the Asalooye city located southern of Iran South and north of Pars Sea coast and in term of methods and procedure governing this descriptive – analytical study. Information required by the review of documents, field and completed questionnaires were collected by using SPSS software and valuation of indicators using a Likert-case is analyzed. Statistical analysis of the results after using the T-student test, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests indicate instability in the social - cultural dimension and sustainable urban development in the city.Use strategic planning utilizes a holistic and system approach, could lead to accurate and complete understanding of the processes affecting development in the mining cities and resource and also help to identify precise areas of instability environment of city, providing appropriate solutions to sustainable development of the explorative towns.The purpose of this research, compilation and presentation of optimal and appropriate strategies for explorative cities of Asalooye located the northern coast of Pars sea in South of Iran, with the aim of sustainable urban development process used to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and the formation of a quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM).

In line with growth and sustainable development of the country and fundamental evolution of economic, social, political and cultural matters, the role of road networks become ever more significant. On the other hand, transportation system, when done heedlessly can damage and fragment the natural environment. Thus, finding the optimal balance between infrastructure development and nature conservation is receiving higher importance than before. In order to accomplish this goal, a large amount of location based information needs to be analyzed. To address sustainable road development, GIS techniques have been used to determine the optimum routes. All important parameters like slope, elevation, land-use, geology, erosion, landside, distance to: fault lines, protected areas, ground waters and hydrology, to city and village centers, available roads and rail roads and utilities were selected, collated in a data base and used in GIS to create a cost layer. Then, using the Least Cost Pathway Algorithm, the four routes based on different cost layers were designed in GIS. These cost layers were calculated based on variable threshold values related to each criterion. Topsis method was then used to compare the designed ways and finally the optimum way was selected according to slope and proximity to economic centers and fault lines. Also, 30 random routes were designed in order to investigate the accuracy of the determined way. As conclusion, we found that currently designed routes without regard to environmental factors lead to selection of ways that will pass from inhibited zones increasing the likelihood of damage to the environment and economical costs.

Today, social capital, a much more important role of physical and human capital in organizations and communities play. Without social capital development path, are rugged and tough. Social capital is an important social issue, such as important economic indicators such as GDP, inflation and employment and development plays a major role. Given the importance and the role that social capital can have on rural development, this research is seeks to measure social capital in rural settlements in the Asalem district.The general approach of the research is a type of the quantitative researches and methods of data collection based on field studies and documents. Research method is Quantitative, that the quantitative models is used. To assess and prioritize social capital in the Asalem village of 25 indicators in four dimensions of social cohesion, social trust, social participation and social awareness is used. Four dimensions, weight is through AHP questionnaire. In this context, the fuzzy as decision multivariate method is used to prioritize. Range of Each question answer had five Likert scale. For each option (very high, high, medium, low, very low), a triangular membership function, the fuzzy values, respectively (100, 70, 40), (90, 60, 30), (80, 50, 20), (70, 40, 10) and (60, 30, 0) shown have been applied to the fuzzy matrix parameters are obtained. The results show that among the Asalem villages respectively were Klasara and Turkmahaleh with scores of 0.099 and 0.217 highest level of social capital and Miandeh and Narnjadul respectively with 0.442 and 0.433 lowest level of social capital.

With structural changes occurring in the field of tourism especially the prevalence of tourism across the country, in particular in the rural areas surrounding major cities, the construction of second homes or vacation homes with the aim of spending leisure time have gained popularity in villages. The study area has an exceptional natural and ecological location and given its proximity to the metropolis of Mashhad, it receives a host of second home tourists in rural environments. This paper attempts to examine social impacts of tourism derived from the presence of second homes in rural settlements of Binalud city. In this study, the research method is practical in terms of its objective and descriptive – analytical and correlational in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this study consisted of 14 villages with more than 50 households. A large part of data was collected from field studies that included 255 sample households and 238 second home tourist using Cochran sampling method. The results indicated that the spread of this trend in the studied villages could lead to negative effects like the conflict and dichotomy between two communities, the imitation of the local people from the tourists, social disorders and so on or produce positive effects such as positive cultural effects of the residents of the second homes on the local people, increased trust of the local people, and their sense of social security from a social perspective. The results of t-test and Levene test showed a significant difference between rural people and second home tourists in the area with the second home tourism explaining 16.9 % of social variations in the lives of the local people. Given the impacts of this phenomenon on rural areas, further researches are needed to set rules and regulations specifying the duties of the rural municipality administrators with the aim of clarifying the responsibilities of the relevant authorities in relation to the issues of second homes as well as the employing qualitative methods to gain deeper insight about this issue.

Process of urban development strategy as a theory Procedural – Contents And a new approach to urban planning by The Cities Alliance in 1999 with the aim of Reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance participation in urban was raised. One of the main axes CDS approach and attention to neighborhoods of the central district. The approach of the study is descriptive - analytical and The population of the entire research applications (1090) in the neighborhood Akbarabad and field research using a questionnaire and to draw maps from GIS to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats SWOT model is qualitatively. This study shows that Between the per capita standard uses existing neighborhood scale there And the challenges and difficulties faced Akbarabad neighborhood is The most important challenges to be poor in the land degradation, plasticity, impermeability alleys and passages, loss of identity, community, and so on. Finally, to improve the quality of the neighborhood, according to a scarcity of land in the neighborhood, and according to some arbitrary standard, and the use of the proposed solutions were presented.

The main problem imposed on the lands managers all around the world is the slope instability in steep mountainous areas. The problem cause life harms and money damages in the roads. Studying the slope features and the slope stability analysis are important in detecting and knowing their roles in the landlide phenomenon. The analysis is done by evaluating the phenomenon risk in the aquifer basins. The purpose of this research is analyzing the role of road building in occurring the surface slides in the natural slopes by using the FLAC SLOP model which finally results in offering some guidelines to manage the region in an optimal way. From the point of view of slides. Or landslides. In this research, at first 7 sliding slopes next to the roads were determined. After that, all the parameters related to slope stability model and its analysis with the field studies were detected. Next the soil sampling and analyzing the topography of the slopes were extracted. And next, these parameters were incorporated into the slope stability model to determine the slopes factor of safety(FS) and the FS was obtained. The research results showed that slope stability model is very effective in determining instability in the slopes which were slid because of the road making. Because the factor of safety(FS)was obtained to be less than 1(one) for the sliding slopes. Moreover, road constructing in slopes with acuter steepness(more than 17 degrees)decreases the stability of slopes. By using this model, the unstable slopes could be detected and some protective mechanism could be specified to increase the stability factor or factor of safety. In this way, the nails vaccinating mechanism in the slope number 5, a location 37 ° 5 '3" north latitude and 59 ° 40' 27" east longitude increases the factor of safety from 0/67 to 2/75 and the tracing mechanism in the slope number 4, With geographic coordinates 36 ° 59 '31 "north latitude and 59 ° 41' 56" east longitude increases the stability or safety factor from 1.10 to 1.93. And finally we can determine the best way to do the protective mechanism.

Today, urban parks play an important role in sustainability cities. Urban parks also provide environments for recreation, activity, and enjoyment and have an important role in people’s health. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate people’s motivation and preference for visiting urban parks and to consider their needs in park designs. Thus, this study presented two 1) to identify and to prioritize people’s motivation to urban park use 2) to compare people’s motivations in tern of demographic variables. In this study a survey was conducted among 300 visitors selected by random sampling from visitors of two urban parks in the city of Gorgan in Iran. Visitors respond to a questionnaire about people’s motives for use of urban parks. The seven-point Likert scale was used to assess opinions. The result of factor analysis on people motivation also released five factors: mental health, involvement to nature, social interaction, calming and physical activity. The factors accounted for 61.38 % of the variance. The first factor (mental health) was the most important people’s motivation for urban park use. A significant different in involvement to nature in term of marital and social interaction in term of gender was found. Married respondents were more desired about involvement to nature and social interaction than single. The results also indicated to men were more desired to physical activity than women. Finding also showed that 36-50 age groups have more willing to involvement to nature and social interaction than younger group, 26-35 age groups. This result contributes notions towards significantly impacting design of urban parks and their facilities that designers and decision makers should manage those facilities to satisfy the users’ needs.

Marginalization in Iran, like many developing countries, a manifestation of the growing spatial inequalities in cities. This location, in the city of Tabriz - as one of the metropolitan cities - with increasing speed increases. Thus, identifying deficiencies and shortcomings in marginalized areas is unavoidable. According to the analysis of spatial inequalities in marginalized urban areas, this study aimed to analyze the distribution of social inequality and showing gestures to the inequity of the geographical margins of the text or rather marginalized in the northern city of Tabriz. The study was used applied a descriptive, analytical and comparative model of factor analysis in SPSS software. In this study, 15 social indicators to become in 1375 the four factors combined and three of in 1385 and the results of the factor analysis model for evaluating utilization of social inequality has been used. Based on the preliminary findings of the 2090 Block 1375 36 Block 73/1 percent very favorable, 311 Block is equivalent to 1/10 of the optimum, 1312 Blocks of 76/62 percent state average, the equivalent of 412 Block 71/19 percent unfavorable and 119 blocks of 6/5 percent are considered very undesirable. Based on the preliminary findings of the study area in 1385 in the 2116 block of 71 blocks of 35/3% of very good, 1031 block of 73/48 percent favorable, 816 block of 56/38 percent state average, the equivalent of 153 Block 23/7 percent unfavorable and 45 blocks of 13/2 percent very poor, are known. Statistics indicate that there are social indicators in the study area from 1375 to 1385 there has been a qualitative improvement. Including procedures to improve these indicators can be the ground for women's participation in various activities socio - economic cited And vocational training for immigrants.

This study was done to zone the fire risk using Dong model in District Three of Neka-Zalemroud (DTNZ) forests in Northern Iran. First Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of study area has been obtained from ASTER sensor. Then slope, aspect and elevation maps have been provided from DEM. The vegetation type and density maps and the human factors maps (roads, settlements and farmlands) have been provided from Nekachoob Company. Then buffers maps of the roads, settlements and farmlands have been provided. All of the digital layers have been classified according to Dong model. Finally fire risk map has been obtained by weighting overlay of all variables maps based on Dong Model in GIS. The actual fires map in study area has also been provided from Nekachoob Company to evaluate the results. Then it has been overlaid on the forest fire risk potential map to validate the model. Results showed that 51% actual fires have been located in the high and very high risk areas. It demonstrates the good efficiency of Dong model to predict the future fires in study area. It seems that the modified pattern of this model can be applied for other forest regions in Northern Iran based on spatial situation of watershed basins.