فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 21 (بهار 1394)

In the past, sustainability of traditional cities was caused by not only their compact physique but also by cocerning the city as a living place for the residents who were mostly builders and in charge and thus basically the roots of its being constant.To thoroughly understand the Bam Citadel morphological sustainability with the passage of time, initially by the research implements content analysis and library research on definitions and scholars’ view points to define a theoretical framework based on urban morphological factors and the resulted compactness in relation with urban sustainability and further, through simultaneous field and library research delves more deeply into how it all adjusts with living conditions in Bam Citadel from Parthian Empire to Qajar dynasty onward. This study firmly believes that, from a morphological view point, as long as the city enjoyed an organic development, and the determining factors were internal and local, physique compactness in line with interrelated internal-human factors managed to effectively supply the sustainability over time. But once the basis of expansion turns to be external, maintaining the compact physique without considering economic-functional, social-cultural, and political-defensive revolutions and incoherences over time leads to unsustainability and loss of optimal urban functioning, which, in turn, causes the urban physique growth not to be based on the need but on numerous external factors. Generally, these factors include manufactured physique in association with the natural physique and the main human factors (functional, economic, social, cultural, and political) in an interrelated combination over time. That is to say that, the manufactured physique can include instances like attention and emphasis on designing the public spaces, designing neighborhood units in the form of adjacent and compact districts and paying attention to the quality of the design, assigning the precedence to pedestrian and transportation routs which are public and thus in itself again include the urban connectivity of the physique via routs and connected, linked, compact, various, and flexible spaces, in accordance with unique geographical characteristics of the place like climate, plant coverage, topography, the maximum use of local resources, maintenance of agricultural and valuable natural resources lands, and being cautious in using water resources and supplying water (natural physique).Basic researches as well as theoretical and field studies on Bam Citadel maintain that the physique compactness is the necessary but not sole condition in obtaining urban sustainability from a morphological view point. It is strongly believed that this very fact blends in an interrelated combination of various, mixed or composed commercial-economic functions, overlapping with other activities and can cause an increase in economic outcome, provide mental and actual safety plus consistency and elevation of the sense of constructive social belonging which means social interactions and associations, public cooperation and paying attention to human factors and imperceptible surveying of the inhabitants in public spaces, and bring about development in the sense to rely on the public capacities and abilities in the process of development and increase the production in the society and thus as a result mai ntain sustainability of the city.

This paper reviews the basic needs of human in environmental psychology issues. This requirement is associated with concepts like density and overcrowding, and it sometimes is used against the overcrowding concept. As result of uncontrolled increasing in population and construction of small apartments in confined spaces in Iran, it is necessary that privacy issues are considered in planning of cities and town. Measuring the privacy in residential buildings and it`s efficacy on people interaction is the main purpose of this research. In order to make research hypothesis clear, the privacy concept and its nature and methods which is leads to it have been considered. And finally the most important function of privacy which is self looking and individual identity has been investigated. In this study the correlation method is used in combination with survey research methods. The questionnaire was prepared and distributed in the sample population (residents of residential buildings in Qazvin), then the results is analyzed in comparative studies. The research project which was held by the authors was done within a mix of qualitative as well as quantities approach. A survey was held by questionnaires both men as well as women who use residential building (110 people were queried). The result of questionnaires along side with results of literature reviews and long time observation were analyzed together to form up the research outcomes. Analysis of the results confirms the hypothesis and shows that a desired level of privacy can improve the quality of social interactions. If the privacy isn`t provided, people suffer from subjective feelings of tension and overcrowding, and this negatively affected the quality of their interactions. Analysis the questionnaires have been cleared that exerting the environmental criteria to achieve the privacy can increase the opportunities of people`s interactions in residential spaces. These results are demonstrated the research hypothesis that obtains the desirable privacy can improve the quality of social interactions. Lack of privacy may cause the sense of overcrowding and people who use these spaces may suffer from stress. Consequently, it will be decreases the quality of social communications. Diversities of men and women about the privacy are one of the most important results in this survey. Women are so tender and they usually have serious reactions when their personal spaces dominated by the others, and they have to stint their relationship when this occurred several times. Finally, it is proposed by using the principals designed of privacy residential buildings, such as the design of real and symbolic barriers, defining public and private realms, adding the appropriate functional elements, regarding the optimal sequence of access to public and private spaces, flexibility and capability of multi-purpose use of space, and solving spatial relationships, the physical privacy is provided. The result of this research can be used to design or redesign of new residential buildings. It`s recommended that the environmental criteria exert for achieving the privacy in the preparation of the plans of residential buildings and made a suitable context to spread the people interactions with high quality.

Security and vulnerability reduction of the city, as a place of conflict, disorder and terrorism in the past, has been considered by various countries. In this relation the militarization of urban space is not always an effective tool in establishing security first because of the need to balance between costs of security and the benefits and then revelation of the strategic space. Nowadays planners have started to think more creatively about how they can hide security behind Planning and design features. While this might make cities look and feel nicer to spend time in, and reduce the inconveniences associated with security. With emphasize on passive defense concept all around the world, defining new spatial logics and fitting related policies in urban spatial development plans have been sited in planning agenda. The importance of Tehran metropolitan area, as political and economic capital and accumulation of power, population, activities and wealth, has revealed the necessity of passive defense policies application. So the goal of this research is dedicated to intervention impact assessment of applied passive defense principles and policies on Tehran metropolis spatial logic and making appropriate spatial development policy making framework for vulnerability reduction. Inorderto achieve thegoaloutlined, the impact of employing passive defenseprinciples and criteria on the spatial organization would be derived (i.e. the spatial interpretation of these criteria)after identifying these criteria usingarchival studies method. Then, regarding thepassive defenserequirements, the Tehran Metropolitan Area status quo would be analyzed and through comparing its’ spatial organization characters with the spatial interpretation of the criteria derived formerly, the metropolitan area‘s vulnerability would be assessed; in order to developing an appropriate policy-making framework for spatial development and the proposing strategies to reduce vulnerability. Measuring Vulnerability of Tehran Metropolis Based on Principle of Deception shows that Tehran as capital is highly vulnerable as industrial –administrative pole of the country due to centralization of main industries and ministries and important administrative centers. In addition, chaotic mixture of critical business centers in residential textures and zones is the other weaknesses of spatial structure of Tehran metropolis. Of the other weaknesses of Tehran metropolis are insufficient coverage of metro lines and avoidance of its settlement in suitable depth for playing role of shelter. Incomplete communication network and especially Tehran metropolis highway network and discontinuous performance of the network, unsuitable access in some parts of the city especially the decays as

Tabriz city was especially important as Iran capital during part of Safavid and Ilkhani dynasties history and as the second important city of Iran as well as city of viceroy considering political, economical, social, cultural, as well as architectural aspects, in Iran. Unfortunately, the city structure has been ruined due to natural and artificial events including frequent earthquakes and being at war with adjacent powerful countries. At present, dimensions of Tabriz city during the mentioned specially Ilkhani and Safavid eras are ambiguous and not completely known. According to historians, the earthquake in1194 AH/ 1780 AD more than others influenced the body of this city. It had such a power that even an inch from the height of the walls was not left. This is perhaps an exaggeration to suggest the extensive damage to the architecture and urban elements of Tabriz throughout the time and especially in the early Qajar era; as a result, there is no accurate information concerning the number, diversity, dispersion and the special relationship between the structural elements of Tabriz in periods before the Qajar. Therefore, the present article aims at evaluating extension pattern of Tabriz during Safavid, Ilkhani and Qajar eras to answer the question of during which era Tabriz was more magnificent and thrived. The question will be answered through renovation and drawing Tabriz boundaries during Safavid, Ilkhani and Qajar eras. We will face many problems in answering the question because there are not many first-hand resources such as buildings and urban spaces left from the era and the documentation will only be based on texts and drawings of tourists. Following books, traveler's logs and documents can be briefly mentioned as written resources, maps and pictorial documents of Ilkhani, Safavid, and Qajar eras. Ilkhani era: Travel logs of Marco-Polo, Ibn Batouteh, Hafez Hossein Karbalaei, Clavixo, Hamdollah Mostoufi. Safavid era: Travel logs of Venicians, Contarini, Alessandri, Wriyht, Tavernier, Olia Chalabi, Sharden, Gemelli Careri, Villote, John Belle, as well as a miniature known as Metraghchi miniature prepared from Tabriz during 1537-38. Qajar era: Travel logs of Piramadeh, Benetan, Morier, Ousely, Flandin, Willson, and historical geography of Meratolbaladan, history and geography of Darolsaltanat, and historical maps of Tabriz. The main objective of the research will be achieved through comparing dimensions of the historical rampart and its role in formation of spatial structure of the city during different eras. However, travelers' logs and drawings prepared by some tourists with different intentions are the only documents regarding approximate dimensions of the Tabriz city. Research results indicate that Tabriz, like other historical cities of Iran, had different sizes and dimensions during different eras. But, the city mostly extended during Ilkhani era which is regarded magnificence and thriving era of the city. Additionally, the article emphasizes that, in contrary to general beliefs, ramparts and towers of the city did not indicate maximum extension of Tabriz rather, the rampart was responsible of protecting part of the city during every era and considering political, economical, cultural, and religious conditions.

Communication towers as complicated urban structures face two major concerns namely special architecture and advanced construction technologies in the process of design. These structures as symbols of technological advancement form focusing points on the skylines of modern metropolitans due to symbolic mixture of form and structure. The role of architect in such mega structures is very different from that of ordinary buildings; the architect of a communication tower is the leader of an interdisciplinary team and the product achieved would be the outcome of the way the team has been led and the creative solutions found while encountering existing complexities and constraints; the team is expected to integrate aesthetic and functional issues. It seems that today these tower complexes are used not only for communication purposes but also for strengthening the identity and the image of cities and creating a rich urban focal point. What the authors of this paper have concentrated on is the way the functions in communication tower complexes have been organized and its influence on integration with urban life in local and urban scales. As a consequence of this integration, the citizens form some sort of mental connection with and sense of belonging to these urban structures. It could possibly be stated that sense of belonging to these structures depends somehow on the way citizens interact with them. The presumption is that from far distances the form, height and the location of the tower leads to create sense of belonging and from near, the functional organization of the complex plays the major role. These urban edifices which are used as urban landmarks in the city-scale need to bring about a certain level of integration with and sense of belonging in the citizens in order to become Symbols. In an interdisciplinary approach between architecture and urban design which the authors call it Mega Architectural Design the mega function of the tower and the complex in which it is situated and the relation of this whole with urban spaces around are considered. Within this paper the Milad Communication Tower complex along with eight similar towers located in different parts of the world and built during recent decades have been described, compared and analyzed with regard to different measures influencing the sense of belonging. Some of these measures include the location, symbolism, main features and the purposes for which communication tower complexes have been built. Then, the paper continues with analyzing the arrangement of functions within the complexes both in the tower and other buildings within the complexes. Eventually it comes to the conclusion that from mega architectural design viewpoint these towers could be categorized into three different generations in the latest of which urban entertainment quality and integration to the city are strengthened. Milad communication complex could be considered in the newest generation of towers regarding the time of completion while from the viewpoint of mega architectural function it sits in the list of second generation towers and has not been successful in creating integration with urban life.

Now, more than ever, people are aware of our effect on the environment. Sustainable design strategies are of great importance nowadays. The strategy for sustainable development aims to promote harmony among human beings and between humanity and nature. The environment has endangered significantly by architecture. So another trend picking up speed is sustainable architecture. This involves buildings designed to have as little effect on the environment as possible. The study and reflection of vernacular sustainable architecture in arid climate areas such as Yazd, Kashan, as well as the way of indigenous human interaction with the environment revealed sustainable-based reflection is not a novelty subject. The architecture of these areas is incredibly consistent with the principles of sustainability. In Iranian traditional architecture open spaces aren’t only the rest of the building design but also they have a fundamental function .Although Open spaces have been one of the most effective factors in architecture and traditional urban planning of Iran, but contemporary architecture and urban housing focus on building mass and solid poche and as a result, building places in environment as a sculpture. Accordingly, this qualitative research aims to explain the role of open spaces in sustainable architecture of these areas and evaluate open space according to sustainability. First of all, the principles of sustainable architecture are mentioned. Then selected houses and neighborhoods are compared with those principles by comparison method. We propose three principles of sustainable architecture in this study. Economy of Resources is concerned with the reduction, reuse, and recycling of the natural resources that are input to a building. Life Cycle Design provides a methodology for analyzing the building process and its impact on the environment. Humane Design focuses on the interactions between humans and the natural world. In the research case study (hot and dry areas): In the design of traditional central courtyards houses, there are several precautions taken to mitigate the temperature extremes. Houses are surrounded by high walls and isolated from the street. During the day, external walls of houses usually provide shady areas in narrow streets and especially in courtyards. The main streets in the town face the direction of the prevailing wind. Of course, the streets are narrower than streets built for other purposes (in other regions). Surely if the streets were not narrow more sand would have been blown into the streets and ferocious winds would have penetrated into the city districts. Meanwhile the compact nature of the buildings prevents very high temperatures to develop by exposure to the sun. The findings depict the open spaces have critical role in creating sustainable, vernacular architecture in arid climate areas. So, the consideration of this efficient element paves the way for achieving sustainable architecture. On this basis, in temporary architecture Open spaces including courtyards, voids, and spaces between buildings should be given as much thought as the buildings mass. This research has been done in qualitative approach and descriptive research method data collection is done by observation and study of written references, documents and evidences.

Promoting quality of urban environment is one of the main and major responsibilities of urban planners and urban designers. Regarding this objective, creating strong linkage between urban design and planning is really crucial and it can lead to more executive results. In this article, the role of permeability has been emphasized as one of the main tools in promoting quality of urban environment in neighborhood's scale. There are so many contradictory approaches regarding permeability factor affecting parameters of quality of urbanenvironment, so in this article different aspects of permeability and their positive and negative impacts on the urban design qualityhave been monitored. Among positive impacts we can refer to promoting legibility, attraction of various and walkability accompanied by reduction in motorized vehicle usage which led to less energy consumption and air and noise pollution. The negative impacts are included decline of privacy and coziness in local spaces, decrease in social interactions and resident'ssense of belonging, domination of motorized vehicles on urban spaces, difficulties in climatic comfort and increase in visual pollution. These impacts are demonstrated by a model that shows interrelation of permeability and quality of environment. Since recognition of the ways of enhancing quality of environment via permeability criteria has been one of the main objectives of this research, in thefirst step, a complete and total literature review about permeability, quality of environment and their correlation has been conducted. Inthis special respect, qualitative research has been used and with emphasis on explanatory research, main dimensions and components of permeability were recognized that led to conceptual model and research framework. In second step, the assessment of the environment of life andpermeability in the chosen case study based on the theoretical framework performed. The case study is a well-known district ineast of Tehran, named Narmak, a regular planned zone with history of 60 years. It's distinguished plan thatcontains 100 local squares, extended in 600 hectares area and with population of about 400000 people. This district has anunique identity and has brought a strong sense of belonging to its residents that can be considered a neighborhood unit. Assessment of quality of environment in Narmak Region has been executed by a visual survey and filling questionnaires on the basisof 51 sub criteria. Research findings showed different zones with various quality of environment in this neighborhood unit. Oneof These zones that is dominated by commercial uses play an important and essential role in the area.,It has not yetcaused many problems regarding quality of environment, however, it has become mainly vulnerable and need to be focused more than the other parts. At last by using SWOT technique, some strategies for creating better permeability and promoting quality of environment in Narmak have been presented. The most important strategies concern the necessity of creating balance between pedestrian movement and motorized traffic, tranquility and vitality of environment, determining certain level of mixed-use activities, integration and segregation of various spaces of neighborhood unit and possibility of entrance to private spaces.