نشریه بوم شناسی کشاورزی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار 1394)

Conventional operations in fields، soil and water management are not efficient and loss of and damage to the environment are considerable (Lal، 2000). Crop diversity and understanding the complex interactions between environmental and socioeconomic factors are approaches to make better use of limited resources (Tengberg et al.، 1998). The most diverse ecosystems have a higher production under environment stress conditions compared with ecosystems with low diversity due to the better efficiency in the use of water، radiation and nutrients (Hulugalle & al، 1986; Walker & Ogindo، 2003).

In order to investigate the effects of crop diversity and nutrient source on resource use efficiency، a split plot experiment was conducted based on complete randomized blocks with 3 replications at the Agricultural Research Station، the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran، during 2006 and 2007. The treatments included manure and chemical fertilizers as the main plots and intercropping of 3 soybean varieties (Williams، Sahar and Gorgan3)، intercropping of 3 Millet species (common millet، foxtail millet and pearl millet)، intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame (Sesamum indicum) and intercropping of millet، sesame، fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) as sub plots.

The results indicated that in the first year، intercropping of 3 Millet species and intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame showed the highest water use efficiency (WUE) based on biological yield. In the second year، intercropping of 3 millet species showed the highest WUE based on biological yield. The highest concentrations of nitrogen، phosphorous and potassium in crop tissues were observed in intercropping of 3 soybean varieties and intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame. In the first year، intercropping of 3 soybean varieties showed the highest nutrient use efficiency (NUE). In the second year، intercropping of 3 soybean varieties، intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame and intercropping of millet، sesame، fenugreek and ajowan showed the highest NUE. In the two years، intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame and intercropping of millet، sesame، fenugreek and ajowan showed the highest nitrogen and phosphorus absorption efficiency (NAE). Intercropping of millet، soybean and sesame showed the highest potassium uptake efficiency. In this study، nutrient resource did not have a significant effect on water and nutrient use efficiency. The research results have indicated that often nitrogen amount and use efficiency in legume and non legume intercropping were higher than monocultures. This indicates the synergist effect in the intercroppings (Vandermeer، 1989; Szumigalski & Van Acker، 2006). In general، the different benefits of diversity and better use of available inputs are obtained by increasing the diversity of crops and proper selection of plants cultivated in intercropping systems and crop rotations in monoculture systems

Fertilizers are the key components which provide plant nutrients'' needs in recent years (Omid Jangir & Sing، 1996; Kapoor et al.، 2007). In many cases، using chemical fertilizers has different negative environmental effects such as soil، water and air pollution، which increase environmental hazardous and production costs (Jangir & Sing، 1996; Kapoor et al.، 2007). Biological activities are markedly enhanced by microbial interactions in the rhizosphere of plants (Kapoor et al.، 2007). Many investigators have successfully used mycorrhiza to increase the availability of immobilized phosphate and thus minimize the use of mineral fertilizers. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can better enable a plant to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. AMF interacts with pathogens and other rhizosphere inhabitants which affect plant health and nutrition. More importantly، mycorrhizal fungi are capable of dissolving weakly soluble soil minerals، especially phosphate، by releasing acids or increasing CO2 partial pressure (Gupta et al.، 2002; Gosling et al.، 2006; Kapoor et al.، 2007). Therefore، they have the ability to enhance host plant uptake of relatively immobile nutrients particularly P، S and Zn. Limited water supply is also another major environmental constraint in the productivity of crop and medicinal plants. Moisture deficiency induces various physiological and metabolic responses such as stomatal closure، decline in growth rate and photosynthesis (Flexas and Medrano، 2002). The results of Baher et al. (2002) showed that greater soil water stress decreased plant height and total fresh and dry weight of Satureja hortensis.

In order to study the effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on the growth، quantitative and qualitative yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)، a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station، the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad، Iran during two growing seasons of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without inoculation) and irrigation levels (1000، 2000 and 3000 m3. ha-1) were allocated to the first and the second factors، respectively. Several criteria such as yield components (including branch numbers per plant، umbel number per branch، umbellet number per umbel، seed number per umbellet and 1000-seed weight)، biological yield، seed yield، harvest index، essential oil content and essential oil yield of fennel and ajwain were measured.

Results indicated that the simple effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and irrigation levels on the biological and seed yields، harvest index (HI)، yield components، essential oil content and essential oil yield of fennel and ajwain were significant (p≤0. 01). The maximum biological yield of fennel (5. 3 g. m-2) and ajwain (4. 3 g. m-2) were observed in mycorrhiza inoculation. Mycorrhiza inoculation enhanced seed yield of fennel and ajwain up to 46% and 97% compared with control، respectively. The highest essential oil content of fennel (4. 2%) and ajwain (3. 0%) were obtained in mycorrhiza inoculation. The highest and the lowest seed yield of fennel and ajwain were observed in 3000 m3. ha-1 (1. 6 and 0. 9 g. m-2) and 1000 m3. ha-1 (1. 4 and 0. 7 g. m-2) irrigation levels، respectively. The maximum essential oil content of fennel and ajwain were obtained in 3000 m3. ha-1 (4. 0% and 3. 4%) and the minimum were for 1000 m3. ha-1 (3. 2% and 2. 9%). Interaction effects among mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on the biological yield، HI and some yield components of fennel (such as branch number per plant، umbel numbel per branch، umbellet number per umbel and seed number per umbellet) and ajwain (such as umbellet number per umbel، seed number per umbellet and 1000 seed weight) scale fern number، seed number and 1000 seed weight of ajwain were significant (p≤0. 05). Inoculation with mycorrhiza، enhanced root development and resulted in the availability of moisture and nutrients، particularly phosphorus. On the other hand، these fertilizers are the cause of production of many growth regulators for the plant. The higher irrigation levels increased photosynthesis and dry matter production due to vegetative growth and photosynthesis area of the plants.

With the continuous growth of world population، degradation and ecological imbalance throughout the world، there is a need to increase agricultural production and environmental protection measures. In this respect، efforts to supply nutrients to the environment are at the head of the programs. One of the ways to approach this goal is the use of intercropping systems (Najafi & Mohammadi، 2005(. Suitable performance in intercropping systems may be achieved by selecting genotypes possessing traits consistent with and appropriate for establishing minimum and maximum synergy and competition employing proper agronomic practices such as density and planting pattern (Mutungamiri et al.، 2001). In this context، selected plants should be less competitive in terms of environmental impact. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different planting patterns on the competition between the two species of Calendula and soybean and to evaluate the yield and quality of an intercropping system compared with a mono-cropping system.

In order to evaluate the competition between soybean and calendula، a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture، the University of Tabriz in 2009. The treatments included pure stands for both species، 1:1، 2:2، 4:2، 4:4 and 6:4 for soybean and calendula number of rows per strip، respectively. Before planting، soybean seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhyzobium japonicum. Before harvesting، the number of pods per plant، seeds per plant، 1000- grain weight، grain yield، percentage of oil and protein of soybean grain were measured in 10 randomly selected plants. The number of flowers per plant، dry inflorescence weight and dry petal weight of Calendula were recorded. The harvest of flowers of calendula began on July 30 and harvesting was done every 15 days in six steps. It was continued to mid-October. Total dry petals and sepals of 6 withdrawals flower per plot were considered as inflorescence dry weight. The land equivalent ratio (LER)، actual yield loss (AYL)، relative crowding coefficient (RCC)، aggressivity (A) and competitive ratio (CR) were determined at the end of the growing season. For statistical analysis، analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using MSTAT-C.

The results showed that the effect of planting pattern on the number of pods per plant، seeds per plant، 1000-grain weight، grain yield of soybean، percentage of oil and protein contents of soybean was not significant. The effect of planting pattern on inflorescence dry weight and dry petal weight of calendula was significant. Row and strip intercropping 6:4 produced greater dry inflorescence weight and dry petal weight than calendula monoculture. The highest petal and inflorescence yield was achieved by 1:1 (87. 63، 30. 75) and 6:4 (41. 75، 22. 68) intercrops، respectively. The effect of planting pattern on the number of flowers per plant was significant at 1% level. The number of flowers per plant for row intercropping and strip intercropping of 1:1 and 6:4 were greater than calendula monoculture. The highest flowers per plant was achieved by 1:1 and 6:4 intercrops، respectively. The land equivalent ratio was greatest for 6:4 and 1:1 intercrops equal 1. 34 and 1. 13، respectively and the lowest land equivalent ratio was achieved by 2:2 intercrops. The actual yield loss value of all treatments were positive that indicated increased yield. In row intercropping and strip intercropping 4:4 and 2:2 competitive ratio of calendula (1. 13، 1. 25، 2. 06) was>0 and the competitive ratio of soybean (1. 07، 1. 2) was>1 that show that yield advantage was greater than mono-cropping system. The relative crowding coefficient (RCC) of calendula (0. 46، 0. 46، 0. 76) was greater than that of soybean that proves the competitive advantage of calendula against soybean. In strip intercropping، 6:4 and 4:2 aggressivity of soybean (0. 98، 1. 43) was>0، that indicates the relative yield of soybean is greater than calendula. The negative aggressivity of calendula (0. 93، 1. 19) in this treatment shows that the relative yield of calendula is less than soybean. In row intercropping and strip intercropping 4:4 and 2:2 competitive ratio of calendula (1. 13، 1. 25، 2. 06) was>0 and competitive ratio of soybean (1. 07، 1. 2) was >1 that shows that yield advantage was greater than mono-cropping system.

In order to evaluate the intercropping of corn (Zea mays L.) and bean cultivars (Phaseolus spp.) an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replicaties at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during growing season of 2010. The experimental treatments consisted of sole cropping of corn، white bean، bush bean، red bean، pinto bean and sword bean and 50:50 ratio of corn and bean types. In this experiment، the corn-bush bean and corn-pinto bean intercropping had the highest seed yield (5734. 4 and 5674. 3 kg/ha-1، respectively) and land equivalent ratio (LER=1. 13 and 1. 21، respectively). Evaluated intercropping indices indicated that red bean (k= 1. 85)، pinto bean (k= 2. 41) and sword bean (k= 2. 80) had the highest crowding coefficient whereas the maximum aggressivity value was belonged to pinto bean intercropped with corn (A= -0. 02). Also، both the red bean and pinto bean (CR=0. 75 and CR=0. 98، respectively) had the maximum competitive ratio. Furthermore، the most corn crowding coefficient (K=1. 15) was belonged to corn and sword bean intercropping and maximum corn aggressivity value was observed in corn intercropped with white bean (A=+0. 60) and bush bean (A=+0. 69). In conclusion، according to competition indices، intercropping of 50% corn + 50 % red bean and pinto bean plants were superior as compared to other combinations. Also، both the red bean and pinto bean (CR=0. 75 and CR=0. 98، respectively) had the maximum competitive ratio. Furthermore، the most corn crowding coefficient (K=1. 15) was belonged to corn and sword bean intercropping and maximum corn aggressivity value was observed in corn intercropped with white bean (A=+0. 60) and bush bean (A=+0. 69). In conclusion، according to competition indices، intercropping of 50% corn + 50 % red bean and pinto bean plants were superior as compared to other combinations.

To study the effects of biological and manure fertilizer on quantity and quality characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.)، an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Zabol University، Iran during growing season of 2012-2013. Treatments included three manure level; 0، 10 and 20 t. h-1 and eight levels of biofertilizer such as control، nitroxin، bio - sulfur، biological phosphorus، nitroxin+ bio - sulfur، nitroxin+ biological phosphorus، bio - sulfur+ biological phosphorus، nitroxin+ bio - sulfur+ biological phosphorus. Different levels of manure and biofertilizer inoculation were considered as main plots and subplots، respectively. Add manure to the soil and seeds of rossel inoculant treatment was performed with bio - fertilizers before planting. Traits including plant high، stem diameter، number of branches، number of fruits per plant، biological yield and economic yield based on results، levels of manure and fertilizer treatments and their interactions on biological traits were significant. Bio- fertilizers treatments caused significant differences on all meantioned traits. Interaction between treatments showed that the maximum economic yield equal to 1290 kg. h-1 roselle consumption combined with 10 t. h-1 manure+ nitroxin. The results showed that combined use of manure and biological، rather than taking them separately in increasing economic yield and growth characteristics roselle can play an effective role.

In low-input cropping systems، the natural roles of microorganisms in maintaining soil fertility may be more important than conventional system. In order to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting fungi on improvement of growth and development in soybean (cv: JK) an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University during the 2011-2012 growing seasons. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was six levels of fungi: inoculation T. harzianum and AMF genus Glumus: G. mosseae، G. intraradices، and co-inoculation of T. harzianum + G. mosseae، T. harzianum + G. intraradices and non-inoculation (control). The second factor was three levels of phosphorus (0، 70 and 140 kg. ha-1) from superphosphate trip. Results showed that inoculation of T. harzianum and G. mosseae significantly had maximum chlorophyll content up to 17% and 16% at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage as compared to the control respectively. The greatest effect was recorded at reduced phosphorus dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and conventional phosphorus dosage significant increase in terms of chlorophyll content. In addition، the dry weights and chlorophyll content of soybean plants in reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) and co-inoculated with T. harzianum + G. mosseae as well as conventional phosphorous dosage were significantly higher than the non-inoculated plants. In this experiment، at reduce phosphate fertilizer (P0%: 0) treatment، not affected of plant growth promoting fungi compared to control. But، reduced phosphorous dosage (70 kg. ha-1) was more affected.

Yield gap analysis provides an essential framework to prioritize research and policy efforts aimed at reducing yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield، the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials، water limited yields and yield gaps for nine regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. The average potential yield of chickpea for the locations was 2251 kg ha-1، while the water limited yield was 1026 kg ha-1 indicating a 54% reduction in yield due to adverse soil moisture conditions. Also، the average irrigated and rainfed actual yields were respectively 64% and 79% less than simulated potential and water limited yields. Maximum and minimum yield gap between potential yield and actual yield were observed in Quchan and Torbat-jam respectively. Generally، yield gap showed an increasing trend from the north (including Nishabur، Mashhad، Quchan and Daregaz regions) to the south of the province (Torbat- Jam and Gonabad). In addition، yield gap between simulated water limited potential yield and rainfed actual yield were very low because both simulated water limiting potential and average rainfed actual yields were low in these regions. Yield gap analysis provides an essential framework to prioritize research and policy efforts aimed at reducing yield constraints. To identify options for increasing chickpea yield، the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated to analyze yield potentials، water limited yields and yield gaps for nine regions representing major chickpea-growing areas of Razavi Khorasan province. The average potential yield of chickpea for the locations was 2251 kg ha-1، while the water limited yield was 1026 kg ha-1 indicating a 54% reduction in yield due to adverse soil moisture conditions. Also، the average irrigated and rainfed actual yields were respectively 64% and 79% less than simulated potential and water limited yields. Maximum and minimum yield gap between potential yield and actual yield were observed in Quchan and Torbat-jam respectively. Generally، yield gap showed an increasing trend from the north (including Nishabur، Mashhad، Quchan and Daregaz regions) to the south of the province (Torbat- Jam and Gonabad). In addition، yield gap between simulated water limited potential yield and rainfed actual yield were very low because both simulated water limiting potential and average rainfed actual yields were low in these regions.

Effect of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer on percentage of grain fatty acids، yield، water and nitrogen use efficiency of pumpkin was studies as split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications in growing season of 2013. Irrigation treatments (320، 420، 600 and 900 mm ha-1) were se as main plots and nitrogen fertilizer (0، 130، 260، 390 and 520 kg urea ha-1) were allocated in subplots. The effect of irrigation and nitrogen on all traits was significant. Also، interaction of irrigation × nitrogen had significant effect on all traits except WUE and NUE. The Highest values of linoleic fatty acid (33. 99%)، fruit yield (4. 40 kg m-2)، grain yield (1. 53 kg m-2) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (32. 27 kg fruit/kg urea) were achieved at consumption of 600 mm water ha-1 and application of 390 kg urea ha-1. The highest water use efficiency for fruit and grain yield; 56. 61 and 1. 10 kg mm-1، were revealed at 600 mm irrigation water ha-1. Between nitrogen levels، maximum and minimum WUE for fruit and grain yield were achieved at 390 kg urea and non application of urea treatments، respectively. Also، maximum agronomic nitrogen efficiency belonged to 390 kg urea and minimum this trait with 33 reductions was revealed at 520 kg urea. Based on the results of this research and with considering of water and nitrogen use efficiency، irrigation of pumpkin plants with 600 mm water ha-1 and consumption of 390 kg urea ha-1 was identified as a suitable treatment.

The environmental impact quotient (EIQ) developed by Kovach et al (1992) is used an effort to fill an important gap; i.e. the need to provide farmers and others with easy-to-use information about the adverse effects of pesticides. It represents a method for calculating the environmental impacts of pesticides, and the values obtained from these calculations can be used to compare different pesticides and pest management programs with each other to ultimately determine which program or pesticide is likely to have the lowest environmental impact. The EIQ value for a particular active ingredient is calculated according to a formula that includes parameters for toxicity (dermal, chronic, bird, bee, fish, and beneficial arthropod), soil half-life, systemicity, leaching potential, and plant surface half-life. Each of these parameters is given a rating of 1, 3 or 5 to reflect its potential of causing harm. Six of these ratings are based on measured or known properties and the other five are based on judgments according to their potentially low, moderate or severe impact. Since the EIQ value is mainly a hazard indicator, additional calculations are required to obtain an indication of the pesticide risk. To account for exposure, an equation called the Field Use EIQ has been developed. This rating is calculated by multiplying the EIQ value for a specific chemical from the tables by the percent active ingredient in the formulation and its dosage rate used per hectare (usually in liters or kilograms of the formulated product). EIQ is used in different studies to compare the environmental effects of different pesticides and/or different production systems (Avila et al., 2011; Doris et al., 2011; Gallivan et al., 2001; Macharia et al., 2009). The aim of this study was to evaluate management strategies in using pesticides in wheat and barley farms in the city of Mashhad located in the Khorasan Razavi province in Iran.

Data related to pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) used in wheat and barley in the city of Mashhad located in the Khorasan Razavi province were gathered through face to face filling questionnaires by the users. The indices measured in this study include Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) and its components (farm worker, consumer, leaching and ecology) and Field Use Rate - EIQ (FUR-EIQ). EIQ is calculated based on the work of Kovach et al. (1992). The formula is: EIQ={C[(DT×5)+(DT×P)]+[(C×((S+P)/2)×SY)+(L)]+[(F×R)+(D×((S+P)/2)×3)+(Z×P×3)+(B×P×5)]}/3 In this formula: DT: Dermal Toxicity; C: long term health effects; SY: mode of action; F: fish toxicity; L: leaching potential; R: surface runoff potential; D: bird toxicity; S: soil residue half-life; Z: bee toxicity; B: beneficial arthropod toxicity; P: plant surface half-life. EIQ field use rating was calculated by multiplying the EIQ value for a specific chemical from the table by the percent active ingredient in the formulation and the rate of its dosage used per hectare: EIQ Field Use Rating = EIQ × % active ingredient × Rate

A large degree of variation was observed in the amount of EIQ and its components. The results showed that in wheat cultivation, Carbendazim had the most effect on the farm worker component and Diazinon had the least effect on this component. The most risk of the consumer and leaching component in wheat fields were shown in fungicides. The fungicide Carbendazim had the most effect on the consumer and leaching component. The least effect on consumer and leaching component were obtained in Deltamethrin. Replacement of Carbendazim with Iprodione, Thiram and Carboxin which are used for disinfection of seeds will improve the consumer and leaching component. In terms of ecology, the Diazinon component had the most dangerous environmental risk in wheat fields. In this section, pesticides were more importance than fungicides. The use of Deltamethrin to control Eurygaster integriceps in wheat, is not recommended and it should be replaced by Trichlorfon because of the risk of ecological destruction. Such ecological destruction is not much different among the various fungicides. The maximum and minimum amount of EIQ among the pesticides used in wheat farms in Mashhad were obtained in Diazinon and Deltamethrin, respectively. 2, 4- D and Fenoxaprop ethyl had the lowest and highest EIQ indices among the herbicides used in wheat farms. The lowest FUR-EIQ index in wheat fields was observed for the application of herbicides. The maximum value of this index was shown in the usage of fungicides. The highest value of the EIQ-FUR related to the Carbendazim fungicide. Due to low consumption of Detamethrin, it had the small value of this index. Considering EIQ-FUR, the use of Deltamethrin is considered to be more appropriate than Trichlorfon. Use of Iprdion for the disinfection of seeds, and Tribenuron-methyl for the elimination of weeds in wheat fields are the best choices since they had the lowest FUR-EIQ index. In barley cultivation, Carbendazim and Diazinon had the most and the least effects on farm worker component, respectively. In the consumer and leaching component, the most and the least effects were to the observed in Carbendazim as a fungicide and in the Deltamethrin as an insecticide, respectively. In terms of ecology, the Diazinon and Tribenuron-methyl components had the most and the least effect respectively. In this respect, the fungicides used for seed treatment did not show much difference. The maximum EIQ among the pesticides used in barley fields in Mashhad was observed in Carbendazim. Iprdion used for the disinfection of seeds had the lowest EIQ. Considering the herbicides 2, 4- D and Fenoxaprop ethyl had the lowest and highest values of EIQ, respectively. The evaluation of FUR-EIQ in barley fields in Mashhad showed that cyproconazole was the best fungicide used for seed disinfection and it is a good alternative for Carbendazim. Carbendazim was assessed as the most dangerous environmental pesticide. Considering the pesticides dosage and FUR-EIQ, Deltamethrin was found to be a suitable insecticide against Eurygaster integriceps and Tribenuron-methyl was found to be a less dangerous herbicide. The results showed that in wheat and barley farms in Mashhad, the biggest danger in farm worker consumer and leaching components was Carbendazim fungicide. Diazinon pesticide had the lowest risk in the farm laborer component. The lowest risk in consumer and leaching component related to the Deltamethrin pesticide. In terms of the ecology components, the most environmental degradation was created by the Diazinon pesticide. Carbendazim is the most dangerous pesticide. Based on the measurements of FUR-EIQ, the fungicides had the highest risk and the herbicides had the lowest risk.

Soil or water salinity is one of the major problems of agriculture in the arid and semiarid regions of the world، especially in Iran. Beside the Salinity، reasonable canola production depends on nutrient supply so that increase in quantitative and qualitative yield is highly correlated with nutrients availability، especially nitrogen and Zinc. In order to investigate the effects of the nitrogen، zinc fertilizer and irrigation salinity on yield quality characteristic and nutrient uptake of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Okapi)، a field experiment was conducted in Agriculture Research Centre of East Azarbaijan، Iran in 2009-2010. The experiment was arranged by using a completely randomized block design based on factorial fashion with three replications. The experimental treatments included the nitrogen levels (0، 50 and 100 kg. ha-1)، different zinc levels (0، 5 and 10 kg. ha-1) and irrigation salinity levels (8 and 16 dS. m-1). Based on results، nitrogen and zinc application had a significant effect of increasing plant height، number of pod per plant and grain yield of canola. However، mentioned traits of canola were decreased as result to increasing irrigation salinity levels (from 8 to 16 dS. m-1). Irrigation salinity at rate of 16 dS. m-1 had a significant effect on increasing glucosinolate percentage in seed. In addition، effect of irrigation salinity levels on decreasing the N، P، Ka and Ca uptake and increasing the Na and Cl accumulation in seed canola were significant. In sum، it seems that nutrient supply، especially nitrogen، can be considered as effective solution to diminish negative effects of salinity.