پژوهشنامه نقد ادبی و بلاغت
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Accessing the secondary or implied meaning of the text is one of the most important aims of research in the field of literature because the literariness of the text arises from this kind of meaning. Implied meaning is expressed through language and various elements related to the literary genre، and would be referred to as the text’s “language.” In order to investigate the language of short story، the implied meanings have been classified in two categories in present study: primary and secondary. The “primary implied meaning (s)” is (are) the theme of the story، and the “secondary implied meaning (s)” can be deduced from other elements of the story. So each of the elements of story which associates its identity with the theme can be considered and analyzed as a part of short story language. Based on this method and through such a perspective، the Bijan Najdi’s story-collection “The Leopards who have run with me” has been probed in present study. The primary implied meaning which is associated with the theme of all stories is the crisis of identity in a framework of tradition and modernity which is expressed through different techniques and elements.

The “Jihad” is one of Imam Ali’s most famous sermons. In its first part، the importance of jihad and its significant effects have been described in a very eloquent style، and the results of leaving it have been also explained for nations. In sermon’s second part، Imam Ali (peace be upon him) harshly blames the people of Kufa، and then gives notice of traumatic event of Sofian Ghamedi’s attack to the border city of Anbar، the martyrdom of Hessan bin Hessan، his brave and loyal representative، his full readiness for presence in war، and a background of his combat experiences in early Islam in a way that the extraordinary epic spirit of the sermon affects every listener or reader. A very close relation can be distinguished between what occurs in the words، phrases and meanings with the mind and experience of sermon announcer in speech manner of the sermon. The overall context of the sermon is about Kufi’s reproach in a way that the reproaches get more intensified word by word. The use of simile، metaphor، irony، and other literary techniques of meaning and expression; and of course the use of rhyme، pun and inner balance of the text are the things increase the beauty of the sermon، something which would be discussed in this study.

There are different distances between the narrator of events، characters and the audience in different literary works، and these distances may be in the aspects of time، physical intellectual، emotional or moral attendance. For instance، the narrator of “The Sound and the Fury” is undoubtedly smarter than Bnjy. Whatever the story moves forward in Jalal Al-e Ahmad’s «Someone else''s child”، the listener (audience) opposes the narrator (who is a woman)، or in the story of Joseph the Prophet، He is more pious than his brothers. The authors of present paper have tried to show their understanding of the nature of the relation between the narrator and the audience، events and characters in fiction integrating the concepts and ideas discussed in the cognitive and linguistic approaches through an analytic-descriptive method and using the library resources in a restricted (but minute) list of Persian and non-Persian works. The results show that there are outstanding differences، from different aspects، between the narrator، events، and characters from the perspective of narratology.

Some literary texts seem being created on the threshold of two different movements، since they reflect the features of them both. Some literary features are also common in two different literary movements and they can even be seen in the works belong to two different eras. The novel “Asfār-e-Kātebān” (Books of Scribers) is among the works which have lots of techniques and measures which are the same in modernist and post-modernist styles; measures such as numerous narrators and narratives، non-linear disjointed narrative، death of the author، language prominence، similarity of the characters in one single work، the text prominence، the preference of ontology over epistemology، the narrative nature of history، the vicious circles، intertextuality، combining different genres or eclecticism، and putting old and new text in together. According to the features of post-modernist novels، Abutorāb Khosravi، the author، has made an effort to get close post-modernist style. We are going to examine، in present study، the above-mentioned novel from this perspective.

The Russian formalism is an approach was introduced at the beginning of 20th century and those who offered such a theory wanted to find a scientific method in literary criticism. They believed that the literary work itself should be criticized instead of its author and the literary nature of the work should be considered as the main subject. Adopting such a method، they propelled the study of literary works to the issues of Form and Technique. Besides formalistic reading of Mahmood Dowlatabadi’s “Journey”، in present paper، we are going to make Formalism and its related special concepts clear and to show how critics use these formalistic concepts to analyze this story.

Persuasion is a process which tries to convince audiences and invade their minds. This communicative process has an important role in literary world، because one of the main aims of authors and poets has always been to persuade their audiences. Considering such an important، there has been accomplished several different studies on the nature of persuasion in literature and literary studies in recent years. These types of researches which have started in West and developed and spread all over the world deal with various methods on which the audience would be persuaded. In this study، we have tried to survey the history of persuasion process to make the importance of such studies in the field of literature and literary criticism clear.

Using the narrative poetry to express human and social concerns is one of the commonalities between Nima Yooshij and Khalil Matran، the modern Persian and Arab poets. Lots of Nima’s poems benefit the narrative aspects. Khilil Matran is also of the Arab poets who have imported the narrative aspects in modern Arabic poetry. Based on the method of comparative literature، this study has being accomplished to analyze the rate of two poets’ creativity through a cross-sectional research. The results show that Nima had imported the symbols of fiction in his poetry texture in a way that it has been changed to an artistic work، but Matran has created، using historical issues، his narrative poetry in a traditional format. The innovative aspect of Nima’s poetry flows in creation of a new fictional meaning and its relation to modern life، but Matran’s is restricted to the relation existing between a historical event and the modern life. Due to the extensive range of imagination، it can be said، in overall، that Nima had a greater share in creating modern concepts with the use of narrative poetry in comparison with Matran.

There is a bilateral relationship between Psychoanalysis and literature. Literature enlivens the soul and psychoanalysis dissects literature. What psychoanalysts express today has attended in the past literature and is proposed now scientifically after psychoanalysis was identified as a science. By analyzing an art work from the perspective of psychology، it seems being possible to understand artist’s personal characteristics and their reflection in his work (s). In this paper which is the result of critical reading of khāghāni’s jeremiads through a psychological approach، concepts such as sublimation، projection، self- deception، narcissism and social support، and also the individual and collective unconscious attendance، shadow، the struggles of institution and super-ego have been investigated using an inductive method.