فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Nowadays، the audience has a key role in the interpretation of cultural products including movies. Thus، discovering how the audience make sense of and interpret things can lead us to the social world underlying such interpretations. Women are the like of audience who could have different readings based on their cultural and generational experiences and background. Based on the interpretive paradigm، the present study aims to address the question: how would the female audience of two different generations interpret the movie Two Women? The study adopted an interpretive paradigm based on group interview as the research strategy. To this end، two groups of women of two different generations including 20-30 and 45-55 year olds were selected purposively as the participants and were interviewed in two distinct groups. The interpretive analysis of the data revealed two different readings by the two different generations in terms of personality traits and the fate of the film characters at the textual level and in terms of such concepts as patriarchy and identifying with characters at the contextual level. However، the two groups converged in terms of their meaning making based on the conflict between tradition and modernity and the interpretation of events based on this dilemma.

This survey investigates on votes, ideologies and goals of Iran cultural-intellectual currents after the Islamic Revolution in order to describe their scale and type impacts on women rights in Iran. The problem of the research is with which criteria or basis of what divider can present a picture of theoretical space of Iranian society in one hand, and on the other hand, how can imagine correlations between social currents and legal areas, too. In order to attain these objects, in first section a theoretical explanation for relationship between social currents and legal demands basis of social realism approach along with viewpoints of scholars which believe to correlation between social evolutions and legal developments. They believe this correlation shows impressions of legal rules from ideas of people and currents in a dynamic manner. In second section, in this dissertation, Iran cultural-intellectual currents after the Islamic Revolution currents have been grouped in terms of respect to religion and their relation with tradition and modernity within an analytical-logical method. The results indicate that in the Islamic republic of Iran, which rights and laws derive and inference from Sharia, opinion about this matter creates two general approaches; religious and non-religious, which agreeing with Islamic rights and stand in the face of it attempting to eliminate the religion from legislation. In following, their attitudes to tradition and modernity are the basis for the grouping to Traditionalism, Civilizationalism, Religious Intellectualism, and Mixed Intellectualism in religious approach and to Secular Intellectualism and Political Intellectualism in non-religious approach, each of which of these sub-currents performances and behaviors against the social evolutions and religious context of the society, make and determine different levels and types of women rights.

This paper is a qualitative study on life style changes in Iranian Kurdistan- Mariwan City. It tries to connect these changes to identity formation of women in this city. Mariwan as a boarder city, due to its geographic, political and economic situation has encountered to an unexpected economic growth and lots of cultural transformations. Because of that, new life style as well as new formation of identity has emerged. This study examines the sources, processes and ramifications of these socioeconomic changes, as well as their impacts on women identity. Methodologically, this research is a qualitative study based in ethnography approach. Grounded theory has been employed for collecting and analyzing data. Based on purposive explorative sampling method, 53 in-depth interviews have been conducted with women-married and single. Findings show an extensive socioeconomic changes in women's life style. These changes mostly are in conflict with local socio-cultural values and norms. Based on analyzed transcribed interviews and some observational material, several categories as conditional, interactive and consequent categories have been extracted. Finally "Tense Identity" has emerged as core category of this study.

The aim of this study was to compare the expectations and purpose of marriage of women and girls in Shiraz. In this study, 180 participants (90 women and 90 girls) were selected to participate from the available population. The instruments to collect data were questionnaires and a structured interview. The participants completed the Socio-Demographic Characteristics Form and the Marital Attitude and Expectation Scale (36-item). To analyze the data, independent t-test and chi square were used. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences between groups in marital expectations and its three main subscales, Intent to Marry, General Attitudes towards Marriage, and Aspects of Marriage. In sub-scales, the difference between married women and single girls in negative attitudes toward marriage, fear/doubts and love was significant. However, significant differences in the other subscales such as respect, trust, finances, meaning and physical intimacy werent found. Moreover, significant differences were found in the purpose of marriage of women and girls, in emotional, religious, sociocultural, financial, and idealistic purposes (P <0.01), but the difference wasnt significant in sexual purpose. The overall result of this study suggests that women tend to have higher expectations for marriage than girls and the married women and girl's purposes of marriage were different.

In sociological review of novels, the connection between structure and content of the story is be checking by considering the conditions and changes in society and environment that it created in. and the modality of artistic showing and reviewing the society in format of the fiction world of the Literary work is going to be Reviewed and Analyzed. in this article, The writers are doing a research based on the sociological review method in works of the famous novel writer woman in Algeria, “ahlam mosteghanemi”. As a writer, she is romantic, but she deals social and cultural situation in her country in Community-oriented romanticism. She deals many issues as women rights, Cultural poverty, social instability and conflict between tradition and modernity, and also describes the wounds and injuries that occurred for the society through the colonialism.As the simples of results from this Descriptive- Analytical research, we can understand that she could open a horizon to knowing different angels of Occupation of Algeria, liberation wars at this country, results of colonization and mustiness of Arab Communities. She also tries to keep her obligation to romanticism, using an Emotional tone. By the way, Although her works have a critic tone, but those have many differences Compared to realism method.

The Study of seals and seal impressions can make clear the dark corners of the social history of the Seleucid and Parthian. On the other hand, the analysis of personal and social position of individuals or groups for understanding the complicated relationship between human with others people or groups, also for the understanding of interactional relationships has gained special attention in historical researches. Among above mentioned topics, the position of women has attracted particular attention. In this paper 53 seal and seal-impressions of women with different designs from different parts of the Seleucid and Parthian lands are explained and analyzed. Pictures of women on the seals differ in style and motif that include images of Greek women doing various chores and social activities, of which the Greek goddesses comprise more seals impressions in this period. Samples from study centers such as Arook, Tel Kadesh, Seleucian karan Dejle, Nesa, Shoosh and Saleh Davood of Khuzestan were obtained. This article analyzes the designs, also the role and activity of women in administrative, political and social structures of Seleucid and Parthian. The most famous motifs of seals and seal-impressions include Aphrodite, Tike and Athena goddesses. It should also be noted that using women in designs were more common in the Seleucid era where as in Parthian periods other than three seals, rarely the image of women were used.

With the advent of Ilkhan (Mongols) in Iran, the art of illustrating book officially formed and from this period onward this art prospered. Great Mongolian shahnameh, the painting masterpiece of Ilkhanid era, was illustrated in Tabriz as the first courtly illustrated edition during the time of Abu Saed Bahadorkhan; gradually afterward other illustrated edition of Shahnaneh came into being.The purpose of this paper is to recognize the social dimension of the great Shahnameh, and in particular the role and place of women is in the pictures. Author by using Sociological approach seeks to explore how art has reflected society.In this regard, 52 pictures of this Shahnameh analyzed by analytic- descriptive method. Analysis tool is reflection theory in sociology of art.According to findings of research, as women in Il Khanid era have kept special position and standing in history of Iran so that it's known as equality of men and women, also women are seen impressively and distinctively in pictures. These appearances in scenes with curtly themes are highlighted and the way of women's appearance in pictures is consistent with their life style.Thus, once more it's clear that the art work as a product of social values and beliefs are associated with their time.

This article investigates generational changes of child value and childbearing behavior among women befor and after Islamic Revoloution of Iran. Different generations of Iranian women, based on their shared common life experiences, have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child and childbearing. This research is cross-sectional and survey based and the data are collected using questionnaire. Research population included five generations of Zanjani women. The 500 woman- sample consisted of 100 women from ach generation. Two-stage sampling, based on PPS method, was used in this research.. Findings showed that the score value means differences for child and childbearing among studied generations were statistically significant. The lowest rate of child value was related to women between 1992 and 1995 and the highest rate belonged to women before 1963. There was a reverse and negative relationship between individualism and childbearing. A positive and direct relationship is observed between religiosity and childbearing. The effect of globalization on child value among generation of 1979-1988 is stronger than other generations. Based on different historical and biological experiences and awareness of each generation as well as generational and structural conflict, changes in childbearing behavior cane be explaned. i.e. uneven and unequal distribution of opportunities, resources, and facilities among generations, the can be explained. Accordingly, generationla changes of child value both historically and mentally as well as structurally and objectively can be explained. Women's experiences in terms of globalization in addition to their awareness and expectations improvement as well as changes in their roles and positions after Islamic Revolution in Iran have influenced their perceptions and evaluations of child and childbearing value.