نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

Human resources development is a key factor and a pre-requisite for achieving sustainable rural development. So pay attention to rural women and girls، as half of the human resource potential of rural communities is so necessary. Women and girls are important part of society toward rural sustainability development because of their rule as future mothers. So improving their situation lead to improve the situation of rural communities in the future. Also it is necessity notification for solving their problems to achieve sustainable growth and development in these communities. Therefore the main purpose of this study was to Pathology of the challenges and problems of girls in the rural Communities. A total of girls (N=3600)، in Mahdasht reign were selected on the basis of simple random sampling (n= 132)، among ten village by assigning appropriate method. Research instrument was a questionnaire that its reliability confirmed by Cronbach''s alpha coefficients (Þ= 0. 7). Factor analysis was used to analysis the data. Research findings indicated five factors including; Psychological trauma، less education – welfare، Social pathologies، economic – health poverty and the girls facing with challenges in the marriage، which determined 65. 53 percent of total variance of girls'' problems.

According to Iranian legal and religious institution، temporary marriage (mut''a) is one of two legitimate types of marriage. The present study involves with the female participants'' perception and image of causes and motivations which lead to temporary marriage among women. Qualitative method and emic approach have been applied for this aim. Findings have been achieved through depth interviews with 26 women who reside in Tehran city (whether who has practiced mut''a or not). It suggests that «social strain»، «religious facilitation»، «a feeling of essential need»، «lack of opportunity of permanent marriage»، «escape from permanent marriage and its commitments»، «create the situation for permanent marriage»، «seeking diversity- liquidity»، and «relative preference» are conditions which affecting the temporary marriage for women. It should be noted that the findings، are ideographic and not an analytical generalization.

Nowadays، the amount of female participation rate is known as one of the reason of societies'' development. Hence، this study explores some of the affecting factors on female participation rate such as education، marital status، age، and female-headed households on female participation probability in labor market. To achieve this goal، by using micro data of household survey in 2011 which is carried out by the Statistical Center of Iran، Panel Data with Limited Dependent Variable Models is estimated with maximum likelihood approach. On the base of results، in the urban area of Iran، Low levels of education (primary and secondary)، Could not cause the entry of women into the labor market، but higher levels of education، especially university education would cause the entry of women into the labor market. Divorced and single women have a positive effect on the probability of female participation rate، but the widow has a negative effect on it. The relationship between age and the likelihood of participation of women is an inverted U; this means that، at a young age، women are more likely to take part in the labor market than middle-age women. Being female-headed households also have a positive effect on the probability of female participation.

The main purpose of this applied research was to investigate factors affecting rural women entrepreneur’s business Performance. Based on Theoretical literature، business performance affected by several factors like demographic characteristics، environmental factors، Motives، Social networks، skills، human capital and social learning. This research has been conducted through a surveying methodology by using questionnaire as a main tool. The statistical population of this study consists of 111 rural women who owned business in Mianeh County. The analysis and structural equation modeling showed the significant relationship between independent variables such as rural women’s goals، motives، planning skill، business skills and their business performance. Based on the research results، straightening these variables can enhance rural women entrepreneurship development.

The purpose of this study was to typology relationships with the opposite sex among young girls. This research using qualitative methods، data-driven approach to theorizing (grounded theory) and a semi-structured interview technique was interactive. The population of the study included young girls 30-19 years old، living in the city of Kermanshah. Using purposeful and theoretical sampling، with 48 girls who were involved in these types of relationships، were interviewed. Exploratory results showed that in this study، six types of relationships with the opposite sex Which includes: Pure relations، relationships of convenience، sex، purpose relationships، tools relationships and fluid relationships.

Environmental crisis are One of the most important global problems. Faced with this crisis as a collective effort Need to make Environmentalism Attitudes among people. What considerable in this field are people attitudes، especially women attitudes to environment. Because On The main axis ecofeminism، Women''s relationship with the environment and Their role in solving ecological problems; Women in regard to the environment، their privileged position. On the other hand، The women status is notable due to their roles to nurture of children and transmission of knowledge and culture to the future generation so they have the most important role for protecting environment. Therefore the study of effective factors on environmental and women attitude can be attractive for participating of women in this subject. This current study has examined the effective factors about Iranians'' women oriented environment. We have use ecofeminism، secondary analysis of fifth wave data and empirical literature for the framework. Findings have shown that social participating; religious practice، environment knowledge، age and level of education variables have significant relationship with women oriented environment but economic class has no affect on it. The research findings showed that three variables Environmental awareness، Religiosity and participation Explain. 82% of the variance dependent variable.

Regarding gender unequality in many communites، empoverment of women has became a important subject and receive more regards in recent years. Results of many researches show that tourism specially ecoutourism effects women empowerment in its different aspects by attract their participation in tourism activities. Based on these findings of previous researches the aim of this study is assessing the role of ecotourism development on empoverment of rural women in descriptive survey. Women of Shib-Deraz in Qeshm Island are the population of the research whom participate in environmental plan of “conservation of Eretmochelys Embricate“with emphasize of ecotourism and handicrafts. A questionnaire was designed by using a theoretical basis. Results show that development of ecotourism can effects social، psychological and economical empowerment of rural women.

Burnout syndrome includes aspects of emotional exhaustion، depersonalization and decrement of personal accomplishment which staffs are vulnerable to because of their exposure to physical and psychological stressors. The necessity of this research is inadequate research on the women. the main purpose of this research is explaining burnout of working women with emphasized on the role organizational and psychology variables in technical & vocational university and Islamic Azad university of Shiraz. It was a descriptive correlation study. Statistical population include all women employed at technical and vocational university & Islamic Azad university of Shiraz (N=225). According to the Cochran formula sample size was 143 ones and they were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data collected by Maslach burnout inventory، Allen and Meyer`s organizational commitment questionnaire، Lu and his colleague`s role conflict and ambiguity questionnaire، Colquitt’s organizational justice questionnaire. Data analyzed by descriptive statistic method that include Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results show that justice and organizational commitment through role conflict and ambiguity mediation have indirect and negative effect on burnout. The results showed that organizational commitment have direct effect and also indirect effect on burnout via the mediation of role conflict and role ambiguity. Organizational justice have direct effect and also indirect effect on burnout via the mediation of role conflict and role ambiguity. Role conflict and role ambiguity had direct effect on burnout. According to the fitted indices، the final model of the study has a relatively good fit.