نشریه اصول بهداشت روانی
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 67، تیر و امرداد 1394)

Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience which occurs in actual or potential physical harm. Exercise is one of the factors affecting pain. The aim of this study is comparison of pain perception, coping strategies with pain and self efficacy of pain in athletes and non-athletes women. Ex post facto method was used on 60 female professional athletes and 60 non-athletes women from students of academic year 2013-14 of Shiraz University who were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The instrument was McGill pain, coping strategies with pain and self efficacy of pain questionnaire. The findings were analyzed through descriptive statistic, Leven Test Multivariate variance analysis using SPSS version 16. Results showed that female athletes in comparison with non-athletes women have lower pain perception (P=0.003) and high self efficacy of pain (P<0.001). In addition, these women used coping strategies of distraction, reinterpreting the pain, ignoring, hoping or praying, self talking and increase of activity more than others (P<0.001) while female athletes exaggerated their pain less than non-athletes women (P=0.003). This research indicated that exercise affected on pain perception experience, self-efficacy of pain and use of coping strategies with pain among women.

Depression is one the most common mental disorders in all the cultures. Depression is a combination of feelings of sadness, loneliness, irritability, worthlessness, hopelessness. Researchers repeatedly have supported the association between dimensions of temperament and character with depressive disorder. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compares dimensions of temperament and characterin individuals with and without depressive disorder. The statistical population of this cross-sectional study in 2011 included all individuals with major depressive disorder aged 24-30 who were referred to clinical center in Ardabil city, as well as the normal population of non-depressive individuals. Participants were 70 persons with major depressive, and 61 non-depressive persons. They were asked to complete demographic questionnaires, Beck depression inventory, and Cloningers temperament and character inventory. The data were analyzed by MANOVA and T multivariate regression using SPSS software version 16. Depressive individuals have significantly of novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self–transcendence; while, the patients had lower scores mean of persistence, cooperativeness and self-directedness than non-anxious group (P<0.001). Also, multiple regression analysis results showed that dimensions of temperament and character significantly explain 34 percents of the variance of depressive individuals. It was a significant relationship between temperament and character. Also, the findings suggest that dimensions of temperament and character are variables that influence the severity of depression symptoms.

There is much evidence regarding the comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Therefore, this study was done to elucidate the correlation between severity of mixed and manic phases of BD and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in comorbidity of these two disorders.

In this descriptive study, 30 patients admitted in mixed or manic episodes of bipolar disorder type I in Taleghani and Imam Hossein Hospitals in Tehran in 2011, were evaluated with SCID-I for OCD and if OCD were confirmed, the patients were included in this study. Then Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and demographic questionnaires were completed for all these patients. The severity of mixed and manic phases and also severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the first week of admission, at the time of discharge and one month after discharge were evaluated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measure, t- test, Wilcoxon, and Pearson correlation by SPSS.19 software.

Significant statistical correlation between severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression during admission and at the time of discharge was observed only in mixed phase (respectively P=0.005 and P=0.029).

Significant correlation between severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressive component of mixed phase of bipolar disorder can show the stronger correlation between severity of obsessive compulsive disorder and depressive symptoms or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. This could help us setting appropriate treatment strategies.

Bullying in school is one of the major problems in education systems around the world and assessment of the psychometric properties of this concept is important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the Illinos bullying scale in primary school students. In this study, 607 students of Semnan were selected through stratified sampling method in the academic year 2013-14 in Semnan. Research instruments included Illinois bullying scale and Harter’s motivation questionnaire. For data analysis, factor analysis method, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, and Pearson correlations were done using SPSS-22 and LISREL 8.54. Exploratory factor analysis, item-total correlation, and reliability analyses were undertaken to assess the psychometric properties of the Illinois bullying scale. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was administered to assess the measurement model and internal relations construct of items. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.87 for the total scale, 0.71 for victims, 0.77 for bullying, and 0.76 for the fighting subscales; all of which were satisfactory. The Persian version of Illinois bullying scale has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and valid instrument in psychological research.

Anxiety disorders are one of the most prevalent mental problems in children and could lead to major dysfunctions. Most family studies have found a large overlap between anxiety disorders in children and their family members. This study aimed to examine the relationship between parenting style and parenting self-efficacy in mothers of anxious and non-anxious children. This is a causal-comparative study, done in 2013. The sample consisted of 110 children and their mothers (55 in experimental and 55 in control groups). Anxious children were selected through convenience sampling and non-anxious children were matched and selected based on demographic variables of the experimental group from elementary schools of Mashhad. Inventories of quality of mother-child relationship scale, parenting self-efficacy, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) of Achenbach System and demographic characteristics were used. Data analyzed by SPSS software, descriptive statistics and independent t-test was used for data analysis. Findings indicated that mothers of anxious children had significantly higher levels of conflict than mothers in the control group (P<0.001). They also showed significantly lower levels of accessibility, warmth, responsiveness, and self-efficacy in relation to their children (P<0.001). Findings of this study indicated that anxiety in children is strongly associated with parenting styles and parenting self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that parenting factors should be considered in the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of anxiety in children.

Due to its basic role in the reproduction of the species, sexual relationship has always been a vital issue throughout the history, and it plays a major role in any happy and successful marital relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual satisfaction in working women in Mashhad Ferdowsi University and Shiraz University based on the maladaptive schemas. The statistical community of this ex-post research includeswomen working in Ferdowsi and Shiraz universities. Two questionnaires of early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction questionnaire were randomly given to 127 women working in Ferdowsi and Shiraz universities during May to July of 2014 and selected by simple random sampling through ex-post facto investigation. 95 participants met the inclusion criteria and consisted of women aged 28 to 41 years old. Research results analyses were conducted through multiple regression step models by SPSS software17. According to the early maladaptive schemas, four schemas including emotional deprivation, mistrust, abandonment, and defectiveness have a significant role in the prediction of sexual satisfaction in women (P=0.001). Based on findings we can estimate that four schemas including emotional deprivation, mistrust, abandonment, and defectiveness in the disconnection and rejection domain have a significant relationship with sexual satisfaction and through any intervention on manipulating each factor, we can improve sexual satisfaction.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of neuro-developmental disorders with a genetic/environmental origin. Recently, vitamin D deficiency is considered as a possible risk factor in ASD development. This study aims to compare the vitamin D serum level in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. In this case-control study, 13 children (3 to 12 years old) referred to the outpatient clinic of Ibn-e-Sina psychiatric hospital in Mashhad in 2014 who received the diagnosis of ASD based on clinical interview according to DSM-IV by child and adolescent psychiatrist and score ≥30 in Childhood Autism Rating Scale were selected as the case group. Other axis I psychiatric disorders were ruled out. These children were divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups. 14 normal children without any medical or psychiatric disorders who were matched in age and sex with ASD children were selected as control group. Vitamin D serum levels were measured in the two groups through ELIZA technique. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, through descriptive statistics, Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney and Pearson tests. The mean vitamin D level in case group was 13.00 (distance between quartile: 9.6-19.5) and in control group was 12.00 (distance between quartile: 4.9-13.2). The difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.350). Also, vitamin D serum levels had no significant relationship with the severity of ASD (P=0.534). Based on the results, the serum levels of vitamin D in children with and without ASD have not any significant difference and the level of this vitamin has not significant relation with the severity of ASD.

Sexual relationship is a natural attraction in a fitting family environment and its acceptance and satisfaction is necessary in maintaining the family system. Following the birth of a child, sexual behavior changes due to the certain circumstances of this period. Due to the prevalence of sexual problems and its relationship with the birth of the first child in women who experience motherhood for the first time first, this study aimed to assess the sexual functioning and marital satisfaction in primipar women and women without history of labor. In this descriptive study,120 married women (60 women with children and 60 women without children); ages ranging between 20-30 years were selected through simple-randomized convenience sampling among who referred the health centers and obstetrics and gynecologists offices in Mashhad, 2009. The participants fulfilled the Enrich Marital Satisfaction, sexual satisfaction and demographic form. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, through descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA tests. Findings showed that women who had not yet experienced pregnancy and childbirth, had better sexual function (P=0.017) and higher marital satisfaction (P=0.005). Mean sexual function score in women without children was 3.6 and for women with children was 3.3. The results suggest that married women without children have higher mean scores of sexual satisfaction and higher marital satisfaction than women who have experienced childbirth. This shows the key-role of sexual functioning in marital satisfaction and necessity of sexual problems in women after childbirth.