نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال پانزدهم شماره 131 (خرداد 1394)

The goal of this research was to determine the effect of perceptual - motor games on visual processing - spatial in children with developmental coordination disorder. In this experimental research, pre-test and post-test with control group is used. Statistical population consisted of all first-grade girls with developmental coordination disorder in Isfahan (2013-2014). Among all, 30 Daughters with developmental coordination disorder with a multi-stage random sampling method was selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups (15 children in the experimental group and 15 children in the control group). Conners questionnaires and DCD Q questionnaires are used in the study. Intervention based on perceptual motor games was tested through 16 sessions on Experimental group. The data were analyzed by using analysis of covariance. The results show that early interventions based on games perceptual – motor is effective on visual processing - spatial in children with developmental coordination disorder. Early intervention of developmental coordination disorder and using suitable interventions can be effective in achievement and therapeutic process of children with this disorder.

In recent years, psychologists and psychiatrists of conduct disorder have been researching for measurement of validity and efficiency of psycho educational interventions. In this regard, meta-analysis integrates the results of different studies, and then determines the effect size of treatment methods. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effective rate of psycho educational interventions on reducing conduct symptoms. 13 Studies that were methodology accepted select and meta-analysis was done on data. The research tool was meta-analysis check list. Findings show that the rate of effect size of psycho educational intervention on reducing conduct symptoms was 0/94. According to Cohen's power table for effect size, the effect size of psychological treatment on reducing symptoms of conduct disorder was high. It can be concluded that psychological treatments have significant influences on decreasing signs and symptoms of conduct disorder in children and adolescence.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group play therapy on reformation of the social maladjustment on female students with intellectual disabilities (ID). The present study, is an experimental study design with pre-test and post-test, and with experimental and control groups. Population of this study includes all girls with mental retardation with ID (8-15 years), who attending in the special schools in the Kermanshah province. Among this population 32 students were selected as sample group. After evaluation, 20 people were diagnosed 2 Standard deviation higher than average deviation of Rutter test. These people were matched in two 10 groups, experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eleven sessions of cognitive-behavioral group play therapy and control group were placed in the waiting list. Research instruments were Rutter's behavior questionnaire. The analysis based on descriptive statistics, covariance analysis show that cognitive-behavioral group play therapy is caused to reduced social maladjustment with ID and to increased their social interactions. The most important results of this study are; effectiveness of group play therapy, usefulness of the cognitive - behavioral approach on reforming the social maladjustment and being equally useful results in play therapy for children with different IQ levels. It can be argued those cognitive-behavioral group play therapies can reform social maladjustment of female students with ID.

Due to deficiency in communicational skills, hard hearing children are liable to externalized behavior such as aggression. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of drawing-therapy on reducing aggressive behavior of deaf female students. The sample included 46 primary school hard hearing female students who ranked the highest in aggression in Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questioner filled out by the teachers. These were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. The control group did free drawing for 8 sessions and at the end teachers of both groups filled out the questionnaires again as post test. Analysis of results (Covariance) revealed the efficacy of intervention on redaction of aggression scores (P<0.05) of deaf students in experimental group. It can be concluded that positive effect of intervention (drawing-therapy) on reducing aggressive behavior of deaf female students is clear. Therefore, it can be claimed that employing art-therapy and in particular drawing-therapy for children with special needs can reduce their behavioral problems.

Abilities of sensory processes are underlying of effectiveness responding to situation, facilitate to learning, social behavior, and daily function. So, sensory processing disorders might have influence on daily life. The aim of this study was to present some of modification methods and environment accommodation and adapting with children characteristics with sensory processing. this study is a review article. Treatment of sensory processing disorders do in tree groups; sensory modulation disorder, sensory discrimination disorder and sensory - based motor disorder. But given the importance sensory integration theory many treatment planning seven sense- based, In two classified, near senses (vestibular, proporception, tactile) and far senses (visual, auditory, olfaction, taste). As regards, near senses provided unconsciously sensory information about postural establishing, maintaining and retrieval, and body coordination. Some of research illustrates the effectiveness strategies for modifying and remedial of near senses dysfunction.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a kind of neurobehavioral disorders in school-aged children (5-7 years old) in which there are significant problems of attention, hyperactivity, or acting impulsively that are not appropriate for the person's age and may be lead to risky and unreflective behaviors. According to High prevalence of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and irreparable damages that has on the child personal and academic performance (e.g. Delinquency, Aggression, Addiction, Educational failure and learning deficit) Early identification and appropriate intervention can prevent adulthood symptoms. This study describes Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and present practical solutions for teachers to assist them identifying and interacting properly with suffering children.

Social communication is a so important component for a healthy personality. All of the approaches and theories in psychology talked about the importance of social communications. Attachment is the most striking concept in contemporary psychology that Refers to the process of shaping emotional bonds. The interaction between the child and the mother shapes a special internal working model that is a base for Interpersonal relationships in adulthood. Vision problems limited experiences of children and reduced their ability to move around and environmental control and communication, so it can affect negatively on cognitive and emotional development, therefore, lack of opportunity to fully experience the environment can affect the social and personal development of children with visual impairment and lead to incompetency, dependency and low self-esteem. This paper has attempted to review the research literature about the social development of children with visual impairment from the perspective of attachment theory.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of a 12-week aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome. A Semi-empirical perusal with 41 adolescents with Down syndrome, aged 15.5±2.7 years, divided into three groups: Aerobic Training Group (ATG; n=16), Resisted Training Group (RTG; n=15) and Control Group (CG; n=10). There were two types of training program: aerobic, with intensity of 50-70% of the heart rate reserve 3 times/week, and resisted, with intensity of 12 maximum repetitions 2 times week. Both exercise Programs were applied during a 12-week period. The percentage of fat measurement was carrying out using plethysmography with Bod Pod® materiel. Waist circumference (WC), body weight and height were also measured. Paired t-test was used to compare variables before and after the exercise program. The percentage of body fat did not change significantly for both groups that participated in the exercise Program intervention. Nevertheless, CG showed a significant increase in this variable (31.3±7.2 versus 34.0±7.9). On the other hand, body mass index (BMI) and WC were significantly decrease for ATG (BMI: 27.0±4.4 and 26.5±4.2; WC: 87.3±11.1 and 86.2±9.7), while RTG and GC showed no differences in these variables. The result of the present study indicated that aerobic and resisted exercise programs maintained body fat levels. ATG significantly decrease BMI and WC measures. Persons which didn’t attend the exercise intervention increased their percentage of fat.