فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1394)

District 9 of Mashhad municipality with a spread over 3275 hectares and the population over 329562 people, is one of the most important districts of Mashhad, which is threatened by three major faults (South of Mashhad, Sang Bast – Shandiz and Tous). Existence of important sites such as Ferdowsi University, Shahid Khorshidi and Shahid Beheshti teacher training centers, Shahid Montazeri School and also non profit educational centers such as cooperation organization training center of Khorasan Razavi municipalities and etc. reflect the high importance of this district from the urban view. Therefore, the studies related to the seismic vulnerability of district 9 of Mashhad and finding the best model for the study of urban management requirements of Mashhad. This is an applied- descriptive study. Data was gathered from relevant organizations in accordance with the standards and requirements of RADIUS model. Data analysis was performed according to methods based on database and utilize the RADIUS model and softwares based on the geographic information system approach. The greatest damage caused by South of Mashhad fault scenario and the least damage was caused by Tous fault scenario. In total, the greatest vulnerability is in the areas that have a high population and density building and areas which type of their soil is rocky and have low and medium density, have the least vulnerability. Being near and far from the fault is effective in vulnerability intensity. By using the findings, the radius model has the highest accuracy and performance.

Unexpected natural incidents entitled as disasters, involve all sectors and organizations of a society in addition the minds of the authorities. The need to control the disaster and solve it on the one hand and dispatching trained and skilled manpower in the affected areas on the other hand, puts a challenge for disaster managers. However, the number of volunteers dispatched to the affected areas does not exceed the number of fingers. The aim of this study was to identify strategies for dispatching and retention of human resources in the affected areas. This was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical populations were 220 employees working in the institutions which are obliged to participate in the affected areas. The data were gathered by researcher-made questionnaire: its reliability and validity was verified. T-test was used to analyze the data by SPSS19 software. Feeling useful and effective and obligation and fearing of losing job were the key factors in dispatching and retaining manpowers in affected areas. Manageing due to the organizational levels of staffs and their work experiences can use some factors to dispatch man powers to the affected area which will not be achieved unless with a pre-planned program.

The human adverse consequences and economic heavy losses caused by natural and man-made disasters and the need to allocate large amounts of country resources and activities in the times of disasters, have led the focus of planning from the response phase to earlier phases such as preparation and prevention. This factor, in recent years, has caused to be paid special attention to disaster management, strategic plans at different levels of national, regional and local. Being new to this subject, along with extensive dimensions of disaster management, led to provide a methodological comprehensive model for developing a disaster management strategic plan at national and regional levels. In this review study, with studying the methods of developing strategic documents in three countries (USA, Japan and Turkey), the model of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was selected as the basis and by combining of existing documents the final framework was presented and then as a case study the coverage level of provided framework has been investigated with headings of research services of the disaster management program of the worn texture of Tehran. The presented framework is provided in four steps such as pre programing step, recognition step that includes positioning, risk assessment and SWOT analysis; the strategy development step that includes setting goals, actions, strategies and documentation; and program implementation as the final step. In all the above mentioned steps, any necessary actions have been described. Reviewing strategic documents of three studied countries showed that the FEMA pattern in addition to comprehensiveness is superior in defining methods and tools to Japan and Turkey. However, a more complete model could be provided by adding the technical parts and providing special worksheets of each step based on the specific circumstances of the country. Checking the form of providing a compliance framework with RFP of developing programs of disaster management of Tehran worn textures show that the proposed model addition to covering requested services, involves the broader range.

Fire safety issues in high-rise buildings which are the dominant trend of urban new developments are critically noticeable. Lack of knowledge about fire safety problems in these types of construction seriously threats people’s lives and properties. This article seeks to answer the question that in what ways methods of preparedness against possible fire has the possibility of implementing in the current situation of high rise building of our country. This article reviews the literature and international experience in preparedness and vulnerability reduction in highrise buildings against fire incidents. For this purpose by reviewing of the specialized literature, international standards and guidelines in the field of safety management of fire incident in high rise buildings as well as search for new solutions, finally it has been concluded due to the possibility of their use in our country. In developed countries in terms of knowledge of high rise construction three preventive methods were used. The first method is “to calculate the evacuation time to design an optimal evacuation route” which may provide the population to exit the building in a limited safe time. The second method focuses on “mobilization and application of the building lifts” to expedite the evacuation process. Finally, the third method, taking into account the probability of some residents becomes unable to evacuate or face sets of difficulties because of physical disabilities, propose “defend-in place concept by constructing refuge zones or floors”. In addition, paying attention to the dimensions of the incident and building vulnerabilities against it since the beginning of the design of high-rise building and applying some alternative options to ensure safety along with the disaster management team and ongoing planning in safety management of high-rise building can contribute to effectiveness of measures.

After planning and defining processes and main activities of disaster management in different organizations, paying attention to addressing authorities in order to perform various tasks in the time periods of before, during and after disasters; giving structure to them and providing the necessary resources and tools caused ensuring the implementation of projects and programs in an organized form and optimal emergency management. Therefore in this study, identifying principles and factors that must be considered in designing such a structure are concerned. In this review study by considering world selected patterns and models such as a National Disaster Management System of USA, the National Response Plan of USA and California Standardized Emergency Management, define the main levels in designing disaster management structures, determining the relationship between these levels and the method of supporting them from each other. The governing general principles in the field of designing structure of disaster management, classifying different centers for designing the administrative structure and designing tools for executive structure were obtained from world selected models. Some recommendations in order to design the executive structure of disaster respond operations at different levels were presented such as: determining the operational levels in designing the structure of disaster management, designing structures and defining communication within and between levels and assigning tasks of different levels.

Educational facilities, particularly schools, are critical centers of each community. Schools all over the world during the earthquake in earthquake-prone areas destroyed completely or damaged so that they are practically useless. In this article we address India experiences for retrofitting school buildings against earthquakes. In the main part, we discuss a systematic methodology for earthquake risk reduction in the education sector.