نشریه بیماریهای عفونی و گرمسیری
پیاپی 68 (بهار 1394)

Immunization is one of the most efficacious, cost-effective and safe public health interventions. Vaccines continue to have a tremendous impact on public health, saving millions of lives each year.Thepurpose of this study was determining vaccination coverageand reasons for non- vaccination in children (24-36 month old)that live in marginalized area in Kermanshah city In this descriptive analytic study, 420 children (24-36 month old)were selected. Sampling method was cluster sampling and included 60 clusters with7children who live in slum area in Kermanshah city. Information was collected by a questionnaire referring to childrensvaccination card. Data collected were analyzed usingSPSS v13 software and chi-square. In this study,46.2% girls and 53.8% 8 % boys participated. The coverage of at birth doses including BCG, HepatitisB1 and Polio0 were 100%, DTP3, Polio3, Hepatitis B3 and MMR1 vaccines were more than 97%.There was significant difference between vaccine status and mother's education(P<0/001).Non immunization was observed in 3% children. The most common cause was lack of maternal knowledge (50%). It seems vaccination coverage in children (24-36 month old) is proper; however it is suggested to use of catch up program for high risk groups to increase vaccination overage.

Immunization is one of the most efficacious, cost-effective and safe public health interventions. Vaccines continue to have a tremendous impact on public health, saving millions of lives each year.Thepurpose of this study was determining vaccination coverageand reasons for non- vaccination in children (24-36 month old)that live in marginalized area in Kermanshah city In this descriptive analytic study, 420 children (24-36 month old)were selected. Sampling method was cluster sampling and included 60 clusters with7children who live in slum area in Kermanshah city. Information was collected by a questionnaire referring to childrensvaccination card. Data collected were analyzed usingSPSS v13 software and chi-square. In this study,46.2% girls and 53.8% 8 % boys participated. The coverage of at birth doses including BCG, HepatitisB1 and Polio0 were 100%, DTP3, Polio3, Hepatitis B3 and MMR1 vaccines were more than 97%.There was significant difference between vaccine status and mother's education(P<0/001).Non immunization was observed in 3% children. The most common cause was lack of maternal knowledge (50%). It seems vaccination coverage in children (24-36 month old) is proper; however it is suggested to use of catch up program for high risk groups to increase vaccination overage.

Staphylococcus aureus now is well documented as a nosocomial pathogen causing a variety of infections in human. In addition to Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus is also known as the causative agent of biofilm formation among patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus strains isolated from healthy people during 2013-2014. Totally 200 healthy people were selected and sampling was carried out from arm, armpit and axillary area using sterile swaps. Swaps were transferred to thiogylcollate broth and then cultured on mannitol salt agar plates. Isolates were identified at the species level using biochemical tests and species specific primers. Potential of biofilm formation of strains was measured using congo red agar plates and microtiter plate. Genes involved in biofilm formation, icaA and icaD, was detected using PCR. Susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion method according to guidelines of Clinical Laboratory and Standard institute (CLSI). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin and vancomycin in MRSA isolates were also detected using broth micro-dilution assay according to CLSI recommendation. Primers for identification of 6 classes of prophages were used in a Multiplex-PCR assay Totally 79 S. aureus strains were isolated from healthy peoples. Amongst these, 56 and 23 strains were positive and negative for biofilm formation, respectively. icaA and icaD genes were detected in 100% of strains. All isolates were resistant to penicillin and resistance to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, tetracycline and clindamycin was high. None of the isolates showed resistance to vancomycin, synercid and lynezolid. Five different prophage types and 3 prophage patterns were detected. Prevalence of biofilm producing multi drug resistant S. aureus isolates among healthy people indicating their colonization with hospital strains. Prevalence of such strains with diverse prophage types encoding broad spectrum of virulence factors, is an urgent for public health.

Tuberculosis is one of important infectious diseases in Iran that can be pretend in two forms: pulmonary and extra Pulmonary. Incidence rate of tuberculosis during the previous decades have increased again. The purpose of this study was epidemiologic survey of pulmonary tuberculosis in Qom during 2005 to 2012. The data for this cross Sectional study was obtained from TB patient's documented files diagnosing in Qom province during 2005 to 2012. The data were analyzed using SPSS20. Of 1013 Pulmonary TB patients 79.8% were positive and 20.2% were negative smears. Lowest incidence rate were observed in 2007(4.75 per 100000) and the highest rate were observed in 2011(14.81 per 100000). The average age in patients was 44.62± 22.34. 46.5% of patients were Iranian people. The most frequency rate was observed in females (63.4%) and in urban areas (91.5%). This study shows that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Qom province during this year’s, has not fixed trend level. In most years studied the incidence of smear positive pulmonary TB was lower than expected in Iran (13 per 100000).

Community associated methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus has been a great threat in general health worldwide. We determined the epidemiology of CA-MRSA nasal colonization among HIV- infected patients who referred to outpatient behavioral health clinic at Emam Khomeinihospital in Tehran. In analytic cross-sectional study, we obtained nasal swabs from HIV- infectedpatients. CA-MRSA colonization was defined as positive MRSA cultures among persons lackinghealthcare exposure. Of 155 samples, 10 (6.5%)were colonized with staphylococcus aureus. 4(40%)ofconfirmed SA isolates were identified as CA-MRSA. recently incarcerated patients had the highestcolonization prevalence. No other variables including, current receipt of antiretroviral therapy, lackof TMP/SMX prophylaxis, male homosexuality, recent ß lactam exposure, IDU, viral loads, orCD4 count were significantly associated with CA-MRSA. In Iran CA-MRSA nasal colonization among HIV- infected patients wasn' t moreprevalent than general population unless recently incarcerated ones.

Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances which can be used to treat various infectious diseases. In the study, essential oil was extracted from the seed of Ajowan and the resulting extracts were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC-MS). Analysis and then assayed in vitro for theircapability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.In this study, the essential oil of Ajowan (Carumcapticum) obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to determine their chemical composition. The antimicrobial effect of essential oil was determined using broth microdiluation method.Twenty-one (21) components in the oil of Ajowan were identified. The results indicated that the major components of the essential oil were Thymol (23.3%), p-cymene (17.5%), γ-Terpinene(16.8%) were present in fairly good amounts. However, it exhibited highest zone of inhibition (38 mm) against E.coli. The MIC value was also determined against all the tested bacteria. The MIC values of essential oil were found to be 3/75mg/ml against E.coli and 1/87 mg/ml against, Staphylococcus aureus present in Ajowan,Thymol, the major phenolic compound of essential oils plays an important role in antimicrobial activity.

Regarding the high percentage of the population suffering from infectious- microbial diseases and the high level of treatment costs, especially in high-risk groups, prevention and control concerning this kind of illness is essential. On the other hand, due to the global and national appreciation of traditional treatments and the necessity of extracting medicines natural ingredients and medicinal herbs, this study aimed at investigating the effect of methanolic extracts of anti-bacterial dichloromethanic, aqueous and hydroalcoholic of Ribes rubrum on some of infectious bacteria in vitro. This study was conducted in Industrial Microbiology Laboratory in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2014. In this in vitro study, the anti-micobial effect of the given plant along with the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration were determined using Serial Dilution Method based on NCCLS standards. The results of the study showed that the 30 and 40 mg/ml concentrations of Ribes rubrum extracts had a considerable anti-microbial effect on bacteria. The effect of these extracts decreased based on the concentration in disks. Alcoholic extracts had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of explored bacteria in all concentrations. The maximal inhibition zone diameter in 40 mg/ml concentration was related to Listeria innocua and the minimal inhibition zone diameter was concerned with gram–negative Enterobacter aeroginosa. Serial Dilution method showed that Ribes rubrum had an inhibitory effect on all studied strains and that this effect was higher for methanolic extracts compared with other extracts.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive coccobacilli, which have ability to grow and survive inside the body of the alive creatures, it also can be the cause for Listeriosis. lmo gene in Listeria monocytogenes is regarded as a factor to increase the bacteria resistance against undesirable environmental conditions such as temperature, pH and biliary salts changes. This present study aims to investigate the lmo gene presence in the Listeria monocytogenes separated from vegetables.

From late May to November of 2012, and in a 7 month period, the amount of 82 different vegetable samples have been gathered from farms in Behesht e Zahra Tehran, agricultural lands in Varamin and also some groceries throughout Tehran. The Listeria monocytogenes has been separated through taking advantage from Bacteriology Standard Method. And the lmo gene have been recognized in Listeria monocytogenes by PCR.Resaults: Among 82 separated vegetables such as lattice (23 samples), white cabbage (19 samples), red cabbag(19 samples), celery (13 samples) and parsley(12 samples), among them 8 samples(%9/7) included the Listeria monocytogenes. In these 82 samples, 4 cases(%17/3) Listeria monocytogenes, 3 cases (%15/7),and 1 sample(%6/7) have been separated from lattice,white cabbage and parsley, respectively. Of these 7 samples (%87/5) had lmo gene. Samples taken from meat, diary, standard and clinical samples having Listeria monocytogenes had lmo gene.

During this investigation it was obvious that the lmo gene of separated Listertia monocytogenes have been seen in vegetable samples which can be effective in survival of the bacteria and its being the cause of disease by helping bacteria to stay alive in adverse environmental conditions and also in the body of the host. The prevalence of the Listeria monocytogenes is low but it is noticeable as it has the capability to be the cause for fatal disease. So in order to prevent from the infection with Listeria monocytogenes, it is recommended to pay attention to the hygiene related issue during food provision in order to prevent the risk of catching Listeria monocytogenes infection. In this regard become familiar with disease factors can help us to kill the Listeria monocytogenes Bacteria.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is one of the most important infection factors in mankind and also, by increasing the resistance of bacteria against chemical drugs and low side effects of herbal drugs, today the herbal ones are evaluated by researchers. The aim of the current study is considering the anti- bacterial aquatic and chloroformed effects of Allium Sativum on Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, first the aquatic and chloroformed extraction of Allium Sativum was prepared, then the MIC and MBC rates of extraction were calculated and the diameter of lack of growing areola of Staphylococcus aureus was measured in different attenuation of extraction. And also, the sensitivity of different anti- biotic was considered by Kirby/baur standardmethod and the results were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18 and Anova one-way statisticaltest. The chloroformed extraction with areola diameter average of lack of growing about 27±3% showed more powerful anti-bacterial effects than aquatic extraction with the average of 17±2% and the maximum rate of anti-bacterial sensitivity to Nafcillin was showed about 58.99 %. Although the medical usage of herbal extractions and essences is valuable for theirless side effects rather than common medical factors, but it should be done more studies about themechanism of ingredients of this plant on bacterial factors for the medical usage of anti-bacterialaquatic and chloroformed extraction of Allium Sativum.

Foodborne diseases are one of the most important economic and health problems in the industrial and non-industrial countries and the prevalence is increasing. Salmonella species are one of the primary food-borne pathogens and Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic bacterial pathogen of food-borne infection all around the world. The present study was carried out to report the molecular prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from chicken meet in Isfahan city, Iran. From April to September 2013, a total 200 chicken meet samples were collected from in Isfahan city. Both culture method and PCR method was used for detection of Salmonella spp, in order to detect Salmonella typhimurium serotype; we used specific primers mentioned in reference. A total of 200 chicken meet samples 28 samples (14%) were contaminated with Salmonella spp. After amplification of ST gene, 14 of 28 (50%) samples were diagnosed Salmonella typhimiurum. The contamination of food with bacteria such as Salmonella virulence trait means an outbreak of food poisoning among people in society. That it tends to be a health risk and other irreparable damages, so the identification of common serotypes of this bacterium is important.

Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila)and other motile Aeromonas (A. sobria and A.caviae) are receiving increasing attention as a human pathogens, especially as causative agents of gastroenteritis, wound infections and septicemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Aeromonas in children with diarrhea in city of Tehran and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. This study was performed on 391 stool samples from Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran. Fecal samples were collected and transferred in a transport medium to laboratory. The samples were placed in alkaline peptone water for 24 hours at 37 ° C. Then the samples were cultured on blood agar containing ampicillin, MacConkey and CIN agar. The suspicious colonies were identified with biochemical tests and API kit. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for identified isolates. In total 12 isolates (3.1%) were identified as Aeromonas, which were confirmed with API-20E. five strains of Aeromonas caviae (42%), four strains of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria (33%) and three strains of Aeromonas hydrophila (25%) were identified. All the strains were sensitive to gentamycin, amikacin, cepime, and resistance to ampicillin. Aeromonas species could cause substantial amount of diarrhea in children, therefore in isolation and identification of diarrhea these fecal pathogens also should be considered.