پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1392)

One of the most important issues available in recent years that in the development literature is the quality of governance. Good governance that has recently been suggested by western intellectuals considers، key development in developing countries to provide conditions and institutions that government able to perform support and sovereignty duties and can underlying market growth and its directed for public interest. This while islamic sources frequently is referred to good governance and good governance and its significance is not a new phenomenon for Islam. So the main aim of this study is and comparison theory of good governance with view of Imam Ali (AS) on Nahj-ol-Balagha. The results of this study indicate that Imam Ali (AS) governance view، does not only contradict the good governance theory، but in many cases it is more complete and more progressive; because Imam Ali (peace be upon them) is implemented principles، centuries before the appearance of the good governance theory in most communities that were dominated by totalitarian authorities

Sayyed Al-Radhi has not brought any reference nor evidences for the speeches، which he has quoted from Imam Ali (AS) from Nahj-ol-balagha. Whilst Ali’s (AS) eloquence and oratory is evident to the plebeian and noble، this matter has caused some Sunni scholars، and recently، some Orientalists and Arab researchers to suspect the authenticity of this book to Imam Ali (AS). Because of that Shia pundits have made widespread efforts into presenting the reference and evidence of Nahj-ol-balagha. Sapients such as “Kashef-ul-Qeta، Imtiyaz Ali khan Arshi، Abdul Zahra Hussaini، Muhammad Mahdi Ja’fari and Muhammad Dashti” have made so many efforts to depicting the authenticity of these speeches to Imam Ali (AS) by hinting to Shia-Sunni sources، each has tried to complement others’ researches. Researchers of this field have failed to find so many Nahj-ol-balagha speeches of Imam Ali (AS)، despite all their efforts. Through these researches، numerous defects are observed because of various restrictions such as inaccessibility to Arabic sources which strongly require rectification and further reviewing. For instance، through these researches some sources have been observed which have been written after the gathering of Nahj-ol-balagha، in which most of them are from Shia sources that are ineligible based on Sunni and opponents point of view، while others do not exist or attribute the speeches to someone except Ali (AS). This study scrutinizes the Nahj-ol-balagha evidence references by studying 250 sayings from the 480 speeches attributed to Imam Ali (AS) which this research has gathered from Sunni resources and documents، (sayings No. 1-250) which other researchers and pundits have never brought into light. According to the poem “The lover’s secret that’s been kept concealed، is best through tales of other loves revealed.” The result of this research is that for the first time by this research; the evidence’s authenticity of 100 Nahj-ol-balagha sayings of Imam Ali (AS) from Sunni books will be presented and will be proved.

Reflection on the litrary text makes greater understanding and appreciation of beauty and the impact it has on the avdiences deep thinking horizon، which will help to identify its semantic nuances and secrects of long series. Obviously، ending evolution in every literary text is natural aspect of that work and ending techniques is finished by developing various elements of literary work. Beautiful showing of final speech of written text is one innovation characteristic of writers. Amir''s various aspects of worthy words and meaningful sermons are thoughtful; Studying structure of sermons is one of field study of researchers and who likes to study in literary works. Studying and analyzing the speech ending techniques helps the readers to know better the Amir''s valuable legacy. In point of particular art، Amir knew that the speech ending is most effective characteristic in text، so in he selects the best and most concise way for expressing them. His particular attention to expressing words at all، encourages reader to think that the ending speeches of his sermons were expressed elegantly. He used many approaches in ending speeches such as: conversation، illustration، asking question، proverbs، poems، orisons and etc. He selected specific manner of ending his speeches according to content and thematic unity of sermons. He put together the final point and sermon text wonderfully. In this paper، how ends the Nahj-ol-Balagha sermons is studied by descriptive analysis method.

Some of the primitive critics have not made any difference between written and speech prose، and they didn’t even know speech prose. Gradually، some of the critics distinguished written prose from the speech one. But they didn’t believe in any difference between them. Over the time، main changes made in prose and its types. Thus، contemporary critics have to distinguish speech prose from written prose but they spoke a little about the difference between them. Conjunction and disjunction are the main factors in language. This subject is، known as «Fasl-o-Vasl» which in Arabic language، considered as one of the important matters in semantics. This paper tends to study Imam Ali''s (AS) letters as the written prose and his Sermons as the Speech prose to prove that conjunction and disjunction differ written prose from the speech.

Hermeneutics is the Study of theory and Science of text interpretation، especially the interpretation، or exegesis، of scripture. Indee، it is the art of interpreting. The comprehension of any written text requires hermeneutics; regarding a literary text is as much hermeneutic act as interpreting law or Scripture. As a science، the debate has gaind a special place and has brought new discussions in so many fields such as humanities; Philosophy، theology، litrary criticism، social and philosophy of science. The present article is going to discuss the hermeneutics of meaning، the stages of development and examines the relationships between Islamic scholars and the hermeneutic reflection and the impact of the hermeneutic on the Islamic sciences and the criticism of the teaching particularly in the area of interpretation and understanding text. Also it is going to examine the teachings of the hermeneutics and their impact on the Quran and opposition in religion from Ali،s (AS) views concerning his pricious and valuable book، nahj-ol-balaghe.

The more poetical will be effective and influential upon the reader، the larger and closer the relationship with other texts. Therefore Imam Ali (As) has connected his sayings in Nahj-ol-balagha with cultural and literal heritage such as poetry، adage، wisdom & etc. Poetical heritage is the great cultural treasure that Imam Ali (AS) utilizes it and sometimes he uses one hemistich or couplet according to the necessity of text، especially when these couplets & hemistiches take the shape of proverb as a result of their usage and pervasion among people. This problem is sometimes through poetical sample of whole hemistich or part of it without any change، and sometimes with trifle change in it، and sometimes the poet’s words along with its meaning and ground are repeated.

Some of the important educational and moral issues are included understanding the emotions، their growth method and their effectiveness level in individual and social behavior and their balanced development to prevent the lack of emotion. The aim of this research is to study the Imam Ali’s (AS) views on training some of the emotions emphasizing its importance in educational management in terms of studying the contexts of Nahj-ol-balagha. In order to do that، sermons، wisdom and letters of Nahj-ol-balagha have been studied by using context analysis method. Moreover، expressions related to joy، sadness، arrogance، modesty، patience and impatience have been extracted and analyzed; Some advices also have been suggested to managers and teachers. The obtained results have shown that not only has Imam Ali (AS) neglected the joy، but also he has recommended some ways to achieve happiness and to avoid sorrow. He also has informed teachers about the effects of modesty and has warned people about bad effects of arrogance and self-important. Patience is considered the first base of faith. he has introduced the impatience as a grief factor for a believer. Some of the important educational and moral issues are included understanding the emotions، their growth method and their effectiveness level in individual and social behavior and their balanced development to prevent the lack of emotion. The aim of this research is to study the Imam Ali’s (AS) views on training some of the emotions emphasizing its importance in educational management in terms of studying the contexts of Nahj-ol-balagha. In order to do that، sermons، wisdom and letters of Nahj-ol-balagha have been studied by using context analysis method. Moreover، expressions related to joy، sadness، arrogance، modesty، patience and impatience have been extracted and analyzed; Some advices also have been suggested to managers and teachers. The obtained results have shown that not only has Imam Ali (AS) neglected the joy، but also he has recommended some ways to achieve happiness and to avoid sorrow. He also has informed teachers about the effects of modesty and has warned people about bad effects of arrogance and self-important. Patience is considered the first base of faith. he has introduced the impatience as a grief factor for a believer.