Archives of Hygiene Sciences
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2015

Background & Aims of the Study: Industries continue to develop and use of various types of manmade fibers nowadays. Acrylic fiber is one of the most important synthetic fibers that use in industries. Based on this fact that, little information exists about workplaces exposure to acrylic fibers, purpose of this study is to determine so this study has been done for evaluation of the pulmonary effects of acrylic fiber. This cross sectional study has been done in a textile industry on 60 male workers in Qom province of Iran in 2014. The stratified random sampling was used for sampling, as each hall was regarded a class. The number of subjects who employed in spinning, weaving, finishing and pocketing halls was 26, 12, 12 and 10 respectively. The NIOSH method, 600 was utilized for respirabale dust sampling. Subjects were interviewed and respiratory symptom questionnaire were administrated to all of them. The pulmonary functioning indices were FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEV1 and FEF25%-75%. The data were statically analyzed using one sample t-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient Test, one way analysis of variance, where applicable with a preset probability of (P<0.05) by using SPSS V16. The highest level of personal exposure to the dust was observed in spinning and weaving Halls (9.07-12.45 mg/m3). In the spinning and weaving, the exposure to the respirable dust was less and the exposure to total dust was more than TLV-TWA. There was no significant relation among pulmonary performance and working experience, age, body mass index and using respiratory protection equipment (P>0.05). There is a significant inverse relation between the concentration of respirable dust and the variables related to the respiratory parameters. The total exposure value in spinning and weaving halls is higher than the TLV-TWA. There is high possibility for the emergence of early stages of disorders related to the obstructions of airways, especially in alveolar duct, in employees who work in the aforesaid halls. Modified engineering controls in these situations are recommended.

Background & Aims of the Study: The effective clinical training is from essential and important parts of medical education. Survey theviewpoints of medical students in this area as the pivot of education can be an effective step in planning of clinical education program and effective and efficient evaluation of it. This study was conducted by the aim of determination of medical externs and interns viewpoints about the effective clinical education. In this cross-sectional study, all of the externs and interns of Qom Islamic Azad University (140 students) were participated in 2012. The data were collected by the valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire in the six domains of individual characteristics of students, clinical instructor, clinical environment, educational planning, clinical evaluation and facilities that every domain in according to the Likert attitude-meter scale were determined to too low, low, moderate, high and very high. According to the student’s viewpoints, the most efficient domains of clinical education were clinical instructor, individual characteristics of students, educational planning, clinical evaluation, the clinical setting and facilities, respectively. In according to the opinion of under-studied students, the most efficient factors in medical education in the domains of individual characteristics of students, clinical teacher, clinical setting, educational planning, clinical evaluation and facilities are self-confidence, commitment and responsibility, positive attitude to the education of students, the quality of education, existence of a systematic clinical evaluation system and existence of examination room, respectively. Two domains of clinical instructor and individual characteristics of student were more important than other domains. Therefore, attention to the strengthening of clinical instructor about effective clinical training and also the strengthening of student’s interest and confidence in the area of clinical training can be important.

Background & Aims of the Study: Diet observance plays a crucial role in improvement of life quality for hemodialysis patients. The present survey aims at determining the factors relevant to diet observance in hemodialysis patients admitted in hemodialysis centers in Qom in 2014. Through this descriptive survey, the sample population, which included 60 qualified hemodialysis patients admitted in four hemodialysis centers in Qom, was given a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic information such as age, gender, marital status, education, the hospital, and duration of disease. The questionnaire also included 19 yes/ no questions determining the hemodialysis patients’ awareness about diet, and 31 questions as awareness evaluation in terms of health-belief model based diet in Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by six faculty members, and through Cronbach’s Alpha, their coefficient of consistency showed 81%, correlation coefficient was 0.81, and slight standard deviation was reported. The data was analyzed through Cronbach’s Alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, T test, and 31st version of SPSS software. The results indicated that there was a meaningful and indirect relationship between age and factors such as structures of perceived susceptibility (r= -0.169), and perceived severity (r= -0.193), self efficacy (r= -0.206), and also between duration of disease and factors such as structures of perceived susceptibility (r= -0.166), perceived severity (r= -0/108), and finally, self efficacy (r= -0.188). However, there is a significant and direct relationship between age and some factors such as perceived barriers (r= 0.208), and between duration of disease and awareness (r=0.117), and perceived barriers (r= 0.266). Among the results of this study, it is noticeable that the older the patients become, the more their awareness about the dialysis diet must increase; while, as the patients grow older and their duration of disease lasts longer, some of their model structures such as severity, susceptibility and efficacy which relate to their dialysis diet, do decline.

Background & Aims of the Study: Formative assessment of a student’s academic achievements is the basic step in any educational project. The aims of this research were: 1)To determine the feasibility of conducting a formative assessment for medical students with their participation and 2) To determine which methods are applicable for students'' self-assessment. Sixteen 5th-year medical students participated in this semi-experimental study. In each session, one of the students assessed the others about the last subject in the way he or she wanted. In the next session, the students received feedback by the assessor. Students used various methods to assess their classmates, including multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short open questions, random short-answer matching questions, or other methods and instruments such as using short message service (SMS), objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), broadcasting a voice clip containing the lesson abstract, or presenting questions with power point. This research showed the feasibility of conducting a formative assessment for medical students with their participation.

Background & Aims of the Study: Changing life styles is a modernity achievement in urban communities. A case that bodes on the changing life style is the changing nutritional behavior. The current study set to determine the condition of fast food consumption and its relationship with individual-background variables. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 227 college students in the age group of 17-36. Simple stratified sampling was done. Data were collected by researcher-made questionnaire, and then analyzed by SPSS 22 through spearman, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The results illustrated that the age mean was 21.11, the minimum age was 17, and the maximum age was 36. Women consisted 62.6 %of research samples. Half of the students (51.1 %) had a weight of less than 60 kg. Weight and height means were 62.96 kg and 169.87 cm, respectively. Majority of students perched in the BMI range (18.5-25) as well, i.e. they had a normal weight. The workout time mean was 98.42. Most students selected more than one million Toman as their families’ salary, confirming the achieved results regarding economic condition of families. Assessing the students’ fast food consumption illustrated that they had fast food once a fortnight and once and twice per week. There was a negative relationship between age and fast food consumption, a positive relationship between education levels of students’ fathers, a positive relationship between traveling and fast food consumption, and a positive relationship between fast food past behavior and fast food consumption.

Background & Aims of the Study: Disorder or disturbance in family functioning is a serious threatens for family member’s mental health and community health. Current study intended to examine the reality therapy on the improvement of couple''s family functioning.

The design of the study is as quasi-experiment research (pre-test and post-test with follow up and control group). Statistical population consists all couples referring to the psychological and counseling centers of Rasht city in 2012. Samples were selected at first by Convenience sampling method and after completing family assessment device, and obtaining score for enter to research, were placement using random sampling method in two experimental and control groups (N = 8 couples per group). The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of group counseling based on reality therapy and control group received no intervention. The gathered data was analyzed using covariance analysis.

The results show that there are significant differences between the pre-test and post test scores of the experimental group. This difference is significant at the level of 0.05. Therefore it seems that reality therapy improved the family functioning of couples.

The results indicated that reality therapy group counseling can improve the family functioning, thus, using this approach in order to improve and strengthen the family functioning of couples is recommended.

Background & Aims of the Study: The satisfaction of the patients referred to medical centers for the quality of services provided in these centers impacts on continuance of referring. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of services provided in these centers and its impacts on patients'' satisfaction. In this study, the quality of services is studied from five aspects of confidence, empathy, evident, trust and accountability and their effects on patients as well. This survey had performed by simple random sampling of patients who referred to doctor''s offices of Ilam. The study population included all patients referred to doctors’ offices in 2014 in the city of Ilam. According to Morgan table, 381 individuals were selected randomly as samples. Questionnaire was used to collect data and their external validity, content validity was confirmed as well. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test and multiple regression in SPSS-21 software. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the quality of service perceived at the level of one percent of the empathy, confidence-raising, physical factors, accountability, reliability and satisfaction of patients. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that the perceived quality of services could determine 56 percent of the dependent variable changes, patient satisfaction. Doctors can provide the ground for obtaining patients satisfaction by creating proper environment, fulfilling promises, accountability, good behavior, privacy, giving accurate information to patients and respect them.