نشریه طب کار
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، تابستان 1394)

Students in the elementary school they are a vulnerable group. Creating healthy environment has a very important effect on their health، and improves their performance. Physical factors in the classroom are one of the major factors contributing to the protection and promotion of children''s health. This study aimed to evaluate the physical factors including lighting، temperature and humidity as important environmental factors in primary schools. This cross-sectional study was done in 2013 in 115 classrooms in Qom province. Illumination was measured at the central stations with dimensions of 2×2 meters in 24 inches height an above ground level. Relative humidity and temperature measured in five points of each class in one meter height a above ground level. All measurements were done between 9 am to 15 pm in spring. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the minimum national standard was not supplied in 13% of the classes. The average of illumination was between the minimum and recommended standard in 68. 7% of classes. The temperature in 15. 7% of the classes was in the recommended range temperature. The average of relative humidity was 30. 43%. Both temperature and relative humidity were in the standard range only in 7% of studied classrooms. In a large number of classes in elementary schools، some of the physical factors affecting the health and performance of students were not favorable. So، it required proper appropriate planning to improve the conditions.

Currently،work-related accidentsas the thirdcause of deathin the world، the second leading causeof death inIranandone of the mostimportantriskfactorshealth، social،economicandindustrialsocietiesaredeveloping. Incidentasone of theindustryhasbeenincorruptivepotential. Thestudywaslongitudinal. Registration formsforaccidentevaluatework related accidentspersonnelwere86-91years. IncidentsrecordedtoevaluatetheindicatorssuchasOSHA (F. R)، (S. R)، (F. S. I)، (A. R)، (I. R)، (coefficient T-safe)، (UCL & LCL)، (LTC)، (LWD) were used. ThanSPSS version17for analysisandchi-squaretestandoddsratioswere used. Total numberof incidentsrecordedwas218counts. Repeat thehighestratein88incidents (3. 019)، the coefficient ofrepeatability-Severity (1. 088)، the maximumvalueofT-safe ratio (9. 53)، respectively. Scale (UCL & LCL) withstandardvalues (UCL & LCL) showed thatevery88 years respectively0. 166and8. 49respectively. Thisyear،the highestCoefficient (LWD)، (LTC)، (A. R) and (I. R) to (391. 94)، (1. 68)، (3. 65%) of (0. 000015) found. Theseageplaceaccidentswithpv =0. 002 employment statusand location oftheeventwithpv =0. 023 incidenttypeand location of theeventwithpv=0. 000monthandtype ofeventpv =0. 009 age andtype of eventwithpv =0. 021placeor type of accidentwithpv=0. 00was significant. Recordssystemeventstoresponsiveindustry''scurrent formwithoutinvestigating the causesofaccidents. Usingappropriatemethodstoprevent،reduceorlimittheconsequencesoftakethe necessary measuresare. Some of the majorstrategiesproposedforachieving this goalinclude: Continuouseffectivetrainingof personnel، supervise carefully howdoing the right thingtodotorunaregularprogramindividual.

Due to the increase of public concern about the physical and psychological effects of radiation on the health of cell phone users، the present study aimed to determine public exposure to microwave propagation from current cell phones in different user conditions. In this cross-sectional study، the effective intensity of microwave radiation from cell phone were measured in different user conditions during call establishment، conversion، short massage and Bluetooth. Microwave meter HI 2200 model made by Holaday Co. was used to measure radiation according to the standard method No. C93. 5. Shielding effectiveness of anti radiation covers for cell phone during call establishment was also determined. The effective intensities of microwave radiation emitted from cell phones were equaled to 51. 4±31. 6μW/cm2،42. 7±30. 9μW/cm2،8. 6±7. 1μW/cm2،1. 3±0. 2 μW/cm2 during call establishment، conversion، short massage and Bluetooth، respectively which were lower than the exposure limits. There was not statistical significance between intensities of microwave radiation of cell phones based on the maker companies (Pvalue >0. 05). Correlation between specific absorption rate and microwave intensity of cell phones were significant (Pvalue<0. 01). Although the microwave intensities of cell phones was lower than the exposure limits، however، due to the failure to obtain conclusive evidence on the health effects of radiation exposure on humans، it seems to be necessary to inform users about health risks، reduce conversation time as possible and use standard cell phone covers.

The workplace is considered a strategic location for physical، social and especially mental health promotion. Mental healthdisorders and job stress or strain، each،can cussesindividual injuriesand reduce in organizationalperformance. This study was designed and performed to determine association between mental health and job strain among office workers who were working in Qom province. During a cross-sectional study we evaluated 1500 office workers in Qom Province using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by questionnaires including General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and job content Questionnaire (JCQ) to assess mental health and job strain in study population. According to the GHQ‑28 scores، 17. 1% of study populations were suspected to mental health disorders in four subscales including; 12. 8% in Somatic symptoms، 13% in anxiety/insomnia، 7% in social dysfunction and 16% in severe depression. Job strain in 28% of office workers was classified as high، 26. 6% passive، 23. 7% active and in 21. 7% was low strain. Most of people with mental health disorders had high job strain. Near one sixth of office workers were suspected to mental health disorders. Most of people had high or passive job strain that both considered as undesirable and employees with low job strain had better mental health.

Noise is considered the most harmful physical agents in the workplace which exposure to it can cause the harmful physical and psychological effects on worker. Since the best noise control measures is to reduce or limit the at the source، the purpose of this study was to assess the noise pollution and determine the dominant sound source in an Air production plant of a Petrochemical industry، and also it aims to evaluate the effect of enclosing the dominant sound source on its overall noise level. The first step، the environmental noise measurement was done by Bruel and Kjaer Type 2236 noise analyzer to measure the levels of noise in Air plant of a petrochemical company based on ISO: 9612 standard. Then، dominant sound source of Air plant was known by referring to noise contour which is drawn by ARCGIS 9. 1. In the third phase، noise control enclosure was selected as the best way to reduce the sound pressure level of the main source (Drayer) and finally the effectiveness of the proposed control measure was studied. Results of the assessment of environmental noise revealed that the average sound pressure level of Air production plant was over 88. 9 dB A. However، the noise level was over 101 dB A in Compression part of understudy plant. Considering hazard zone at noise contour، it was obvious that in the southern section of Compression، sound pressure level has increased more in comparison with other sections، and in some stations which is exact location of Dryer machinery، SPL has been measured to 100 dB A. Dryer machines of Compression part were known as the main sound source. Considering to the efficacy of conventional methods of noise control and also results of Dryer’s frequency analysis، and the working condition of Air plant، acoustic chamber or enclosure was chosen as the best engineering noise control measure for reducing of noisy Dryer. It was predicted that by providing the enclosure، overall sound pressure level will be reduced about 19/4 dB A. According to assessment of noise pollution in understudy unit، 61. 5 % of the measurement stations were in caution area (SPL between 80-85 dB A). However، Exposure to these values of SPL can lead to different health effects in the short term or long term. So، in order to prevent the auditory and non-auditory effects of noise، it is necessary to provide sound abatement measures for other noise sources in this petrochemical plant.

Benzene، Toluene، Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) with similar physical and chemical characteristics. BTEX existing in gasoline releases to the air in result of the gasoline evaporation and the staffs are exposure to it in gasoline stations. The main goal of this project is to determine the risk of occupational exposure to BTEX compounds among workers in selected gasoline stations in Kerman and calculate the quantitative cancer and non cancer risk values of these defined compounds. To achieve this goal، the air sample of 54 workers in 6 gasoline stations (the suburbs and downtown) were collected in three times; morning، noon and night (that the fuel is discharged from the fuel tanker to the gasoline tank، in one of these three times) by sampling pumps. The samples were then transferred to the laboratory and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The findings represent that the average concentration of BT during discharging the fuel from the tanker to the gasoline tank is higher than the average concentration of BT in the rest of sample. The Cancer risk for workers exposed to benzene is estimated in the range of 1. 11×10- 2 – 8. 22×10- 4. A quantitative non-cancer risk values for benzene، Toluene is also calculated in the range of 134-9. 83، 0. 699- 0. 217. The results shows that the average concentrations of benzene in the air is higher than permissible limit proposed by Technical Committee of Occupational Hygiene (0. 5 ppm or 1،600 μg/m 3)، While Toluene are less than the permissible limit. As well، it is shown that the cancer risk benzene is high among workers in studied gasoline stations.

human factor، road، vehicle and environment are factors that impact on driving road. One of the important statistics about accidents and injuries consensus on the role of human factors in 90-70 percent of all accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of human error in accidents in driver''s terminals once the province of Yazd. This Cross-sectional study was carried out in 2013; among the drivers of transport terminals in Yazd city. The number of cases was 300 people that were selected by random method. A multi-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics، data related of drivering and Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) were applied. The unintentional violations that were caused by the careless and lightheadedness was down that represents the good culture of the community to be studied. The relationship between the rate of speed when driving in a landslide was a significant correlation (03/0، 04 / 0P <). Also among the items age، work experience، type of certification، the amount of kilometers of driving per week and per year، and average and maximum speed of the car with the infringers، significant relationships were found. The main result this study was that a large number of drivers do not show necessity for committing violations and Most of violations was deliberately accuracy

The use of tables and chairs in a period of time with poorly designed not only causes interference in physical development، but also hinders the learning and the lack of focus. In this study، the satisfaction level of students in hygiene، nursing، and paramedical faculties were determind in the use of non-ergonomic chairs ergonomic chairs.

This is a cross-sectional study. 126 people in 2012 Satisfaction School students، nurses and paramedical staff in the use of non-ergonomic chairs and ergonomic chairs than usual using a questionnaire of 34 questions designed by the researchers، evaluation and analysis analyzed.

The results showed that the students'' satisfaction with ergonomic chairs in 3 size back seats، front seat inclination and elbow crutch as compared to non-ergonomic chairs more. In contrast، non-ergonomic chairs، student satisfaction the suitability of the slope between the seat cushion and seat ergonomic chair more. On the basis of satisfaction than students in the two groups of chairs ergonomic chairs، ergonomic and non-significant differences were observed. Ergonomic chairs also experience back pain in 60. 3 users and non-users of ergonomic chairs which was 54 percent according to the survey results were not significant.

Overall، the results of ergonomic chairs، non-ergonomic chairs، satisfaction has brought more students. However، it needed some improvements in ergonomic chairs. These amendments modify the slope between the seat cushion and the seat can be noted.

Pregnant employees demand special attention from their employers and themselves. In this study،the focus is on the interaction between pregnancy and occupation. This study was a review article. Authentic articles، sites and books on occupational medicine، fitness for work and obstetrics were used. This study consisted of different parts including: definition of terms، the importance of issue of pregnancy in employees، pregnancy changes that affect fitness to work، some special considerations، prescription of occupational specialist during pregnancy، breastfeeding، and postnatal issues. The workplace hazards to the pregnant employees were factors that were harmful to the health or safety of the mother and/or fetus. These hazards included: physical، chemical، biologic، psychologic and ergonomic-hazard. Pregnancy made changes in fitness of pregnant employees. After delivery attention to the mothers was required، too. After identifying the risks at each workplace، appropriate methods of control could be used. Control of these routine hazards، and vaccinations، were the duties of the occupational physician for pregnant employees.