مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال بیست و سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 92، امرداد 1394)

This research was aimed to investigate the relationship between managers'' leadership styles and staff empowerment in Ilam hospitals quantitatively. 182 city hospitals staff was determined in present cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Its validity and reliability were assured by using expert''s comments and Cronbach''s alpha (0. 82) respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software and descriptive statistical methods (spearman correlation coefficient) were used. findings showed that the mean and standard deviation based on exception aspect was 3. 09±1. 12، reward contingency was 2. 82±1. 08، contingent reward was 2. 95±1. 11، idealistic features were 2. 22±0. 99، personal consideration was 2. 51±1. 15 and motivational aspect 1. 19±1. 11. Discussion & Between empowerment and transactional leadership style dimensions including exception aspect، conditional reward، and contingency reward، there were significant relationship only between conditional reward and contingency reward and empowerment while there were no significant relationship between exception aspect and empowerment. There were significant relationship between evolutionary leadership style with empowerment dimensions just between idealistic features and personal considerations with empowerment، and there were no significant relationships between motivational dimension of evolutionary leadership style and empowerment. Taking into account the results of this research، any of transactional leadership styles، transformative and staff empowerment، staff empowerment in transformational leadership style is more powerful than transactional leadership style.

Actually, food sanitation is a guarantee of proper food quality and it is an essential pillar in health promoting of community. The aim of this study was to study of knowledge and attitude among Ilam University of medical sciences students regarding to food sanitation and safety on 2013. 430 Ilam University of medical sciences students was determined in present cross-sectional study by stratified random sampling. Data collected through a questionnaire consisting of three parts including personal information, knowledge and attitudes towards food sanitation and safety. The data were used by SPSS16 software and analyzed by Mann- Whitney and kruskal-wallis tests. overall, results showed that 3.5% of students had good attitude, 77.6% moderate attitude and 18.5% poor attitude. In the field of knowledge 18.5 % had adequate knowledge, 16.2% moderate knowledge and 2.4% poor knowledge about food sanitation. Results showed that there is a significant relation between student's attitudes regarding food sanitation and safety and their sex (p =. 036), and also there isaa significant relation between knowledge (p =. 000) and attitude (p =. 048) of students and passing the food sanitation course. Discussion& It is proposed that according to relation between knowledge, food sanitation and safety, educational programs to be held in the form of workshops or incorporate food sanitation courses for fields of medical science that does not pass this course.

The spiritual health is one of the most important aspects of human health. Overall, spiritual health is determined with stability characteristics of life, coordination, feeling close relationship with God, society and environment. Spiritual health during aging is important since elderly people are very vulnerable and sensitive. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual healths of elderly people with depression in Ahvaz retired oil industry. This study is cross-sectional and correlational. 200 elderly of Ahvaz retired oil industry were selected by using simple sampling method. Spiritual well-being (SWB) questionnaire was used to spiritual health assessment and depression questionnaire (GDS) was used to depression assessmentand. SPSS 16 software was used and results were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance and regression. Results showed that average age was 65±4. In terms of education the highest frequency was seen among group less than diploma with 44%. The average score for spiritual health was 105± 13.8 and for depression was 4.35±4.2. Spiritual health for most of participant was at a high level (36/54%), then in the middle (53/45). there is a significant negative relationship between depression and spiritual health of aging (p = 0.0001).Conclusion & The results of this study showed that there are a significant relationship between depression and spiritual health during ageing and notify to spiritual health is very helpful to reduce psychological problems.

Somatization symptoms are the obvious physical symptoms without unexplained physical cause. The aim of present study is to examine the relation of psychological variables (alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorder) with somatization symptom in nurses of Ahvaz hospitals. this study is a correlational research. The statistical population included 283 nurses who were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Pearson correlation and regression tests have been used to test the hypotheses. Results illustrated that there is a significant relation between alexithymia, negative affect, and traumatic events, personality disorders (antisocial, paranoid histrionic and avoidance) with somatization. Also regression results showed that alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorder (avoidance) were the best predictor of somatization symptoms. Discussion & Results support from relation between alexithymia, negative affect, traumatic events and personality disorders with somatization symptoms.

One of the most important criteria for allocation of hospital sources in health care system is to analyzing the hospital expense. Efficiency of surgical operations has an important role in determining of hospital expense. This study aimed to finished expense calculation of cancelled elective surgical operations based on expense analysis method in Kerman Shafa Hospital in 2012. This a descriptive - analytical study was performed by consensus method on 240 files during a period of one year in 2012 and it was investigated by using a self-designed checklist that its validity was confirmed by the health economics experts. The expense were calculated and analyzed based on three factors including payment of medical personnel, expenses of energy resources and the expense of delay in repayment of insurance companies Data were analyzed by SPSS18 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact test) were used at the significant level P≤0.05. Of 240 cancelled surgical operations, the highest rate of cancellation was related to clinical status of the patient (%18) in the Eye department and the total imposed expenses were 320 million IRR which The highest expense was related to the personnel’s’ and physicians’ payments with. 69084800 IRR.Discussion & The findings indicated that the main cause of cancellation of surgical operations in this hospital was clinical status of the patients who do not have the appropriate condition of surgery and the time period of their hospitalization cause high expenditure for the hospital. Thus, exact evaluation of the patients through consultant and the attending physician can avoid the cancellation of surgical operation and consequently waste of financial sources.

Diazinon is one of the most important an organophosphate insecticide that widely used for insect control in homes and agriculture. This factor causes induces oxidative stress in different tissues. The aim of this study was to study the protective role of vitamins E and C as antioxidant in reduction of DZN-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. In present experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups including: control group received (corn oil as a DZN solvent), DZN group (100 mg/kg), vitamin E group (150 mg/kg), vitamin C group (200 mg/kg), vitamin E+DZN group and vitamin C+DZN group, intraperitoneally. 24 hours after injection, rats were anesthetized by ether and kidneys were removed quickly. After tissues hemogenation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) anzymes activities and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined by biochemical methods. DZN increased SOD, CAT and GST activities in kidneys. Also, reduced GSH concentration and increased concentrations of MDA were observed. Administration of vitamins E and C prevent changes in these parameters in the kidneys.Discussion & DZN by increasing lipid peroxidation membrane and reduced GSH concentration cause oxidative stress in kidneys. Administration of vitamins E and C as an antioxidant decrease DZN toxicity via purging the free radicals but not completely.

Aging is one of the most important risk factors for some disease, so that one of the major aims of aging research is the identification and analysis of compounds that playing role in delay aging and increase longevity. In rodents’ Caloric Restriction (CR), in a way that does not cause malnutrition, increased lifespan 50%, however it leave harmful effects, so researchers sought to find a combination that can imitate the effects of CR without any harmful effects. Resveratrol is one of the natural chemicals derived from plants that it is a member of polyphenols family, and it has great antioxidant nature. This article reviews the mechanisms of resveratrol functions on longevity and prevention from aging and aging-related diseases and processes. This study has reviewed 40 published articles by using PubMed, Elsevier, NCBI and EBSCO databases to explaining the resveratrol function in longevity. Recently, it has been proven that, Resveratrol by delaying all the processes of aging, increased lifespan in many animals in Laboratory model, including fruit flies, nematodes, fishes and mice.Discussion & The action mechanism of resveratrol is very similar to CR action mechanism, both can extend lifespan by improving disease related to aging, such as, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer and cancer which this resveratrol effects depended on Sirtuins activity that evolutionarily, they are classified as conserved family of NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase, particularly SIRT1, which is the main regulator of molecular mechanism of aging processes.

mental health is the most common problem among students with learning disorder. Therefore, attention to mental health among this group seems to be essential. One of the most important effective methods in improving mental health is cognitive-behavioral instruction.The aim of present research was to investigate cognitive-behavioral instruction effect on students mental health improvement with learning disorder.This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. Participants of this study were 40 students with learning disorder at the sixth grade of the elementary school that they were selected via nonprobability sampling method among Tehran counties students. Data were collected by using Wechsler intelligence scale for children and General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA method.The results showed that there was a significant increase in mean scores of mental health and its subscales (somatic symptoms, anxiety, deficiency in social performance and depression) in experimental group than control group. In the other hand, mental health of experimental group was higher than control group (p<0.05). Discussion & Therefore, planning for providing of cognitive-behavioral instruction is important to improving students mental health with learning disorder, and can use this method for mental health promoting.

error occurrence in computer systems, can lead to irreparable damage, especially those used in medical systems. As a result, verification of such systems is important. Model checking as a method is used to ensure the absence of errors in the model. The heart-lung machine is used in surgeries in which heart must stop working and assumes the heart and lungs duties. In this article, a formal approach is to verify the operation of the heart-lung machine. The heart-lung machine has been modeled by using the UPPAAL tool which supports time automatic machine, since, this machine do three sets operations in parallel which has been modeled in three subsystems: system overall performance machine, heparin injection machine and cardioplegia solution delivery machine. After modeling by a complete search on state space of model, the most important characteristics of system were verified. Situations were identified which cause entering the system to unsecure states. The reachability of all important states of the system was investigated. Finally, we ensured about system accuracy features and the system operates correctly. Modelling is a cheap way to study a system and evaluate its reaction to environmental changes before implementation of the system. Considering to importance of heart-lung machine in surgeries, in this research a formal model has been presented to verify the operation of this machine.

Cox2 selective inhibitors such as celecoxib, rofecoxib and valdecoxib are recently used to reduce inflammatory response. There is still a need to develop more potent Cox2 inhibitors. This study was conducted to introduce new structures with more affinity to Cox2 enzyme. Chemical structures with 80% similarity to celecoxib was collected by using PubChem at NCBI database. The PDB file of Cox2 enzyme (6COX) obtained from RCSB PDB website in bounding with ligand SC-558 as reference ligand. Docking of ligands to SC-558 site of Cox2 performed with lead IT software (version 2.1.0 BioSolveIT, GmbH, Germany) and the interaction energy of different compounds was obtained. IC50 value of selected compounds identified by using in vitro screening against Cox2 enzyme. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by using MTT method. Screening results in PubChem database was 5000 molecules similar to celecoxib. 24 compounds had better energy scores than 6COX bound co-crystallized ligand SC-558.The ligands were docked with the binding pocket that they showed interaction with Leu352, Phe518,Met522, Val523, Ala527 and Ser353. By visual inspection, compounds showed orientation and hybrid mode similar to SC-558. Discussion & our findings strengthened the computational procedure the discovery of new compounds with anti-inflammatory activity and less toxicity than Cox2 general inhibitors.

problem solving depends on several factors which among various factors the present research aimed to study of relation between self-regulation strategies and self-control capacity with problem solving styles. The statistical population consisted of all students of Guilan University in 2011-2012 academic year, which among them a sample of 187 students (91 male and 96 female) were selected by random cluster sampling method and they completed March emotional self-regulation strategies questionnaire, Tangney’s self-control Scale (2004), and problem-solving styles scale. there are significant positive correlations between adaptive problem solving styles with cognitive self-regulation strategies, focusing on situation, focusing on changing affect, decreasing negative affect and increase positive affect, and between non-adaptive problem solving styles with self-regulation strategy and decreasing negative affect. There are significant positive correlations between self-control capacity with adaptive problem solving styles, and significant negative correlation between self-control capacity with helplessness, inhibition, and non-adaptive problem solving styles. The results of regression analysis showed that increasing positive affect strategy and self-control capacity variables can explain 13 percent of variance of adaptive problem solving styles and increasing positive affect strategy, focusing on change affect strategy and self-control capacity variables can explain 14 percent of the variance non- adaptive problem solving styles. Discussion & according to findings of this study by teaching problem-solving skills in each field, it is necessary to emphasized on affecting features and skills such as self-regulation strategy self-control capacity.

Adiponectin is a hormone that plays an important role in diet-induced insulin resistance. People with higher weight have a lower adiponectin levels and are more susceptible to type II diabetes. Studies have shown that exposure to altitude and hypoxic environment causes weight loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intermittent hypoxia on adiponectin level and BMI in obese people with type II diabetes. Ten obese subjects with type II diabetes participate in the study with mean BMI of 32.02 ± 2.47 and age range of 50-70 years old. The intervention consisted of 14 sessions of intermittent hypoxia, one hour per day for 14 consecutive days. Plasma adiponectin and BMI were measured three times (pretest, day 7, and posttest) and two times (pre- and post-tests). Plasma adiponectin showed a non-significant 2.1% reduction, 6 days after intermittent hypoxia intervention (day 7) (t9= 1.06; p=0.317). Also, in fifteenth day or after 14 days of intermittent hypoxia intervention, plasma adiponectin levels had a 5% non-significant reduction compared to the pretest (t9= 0.578; p=0.577). The results of present study also showed that short-term (7 days) and medium term (14 days) exposure to intermittent hypoxia had no effect on BMI (p> 0.05).Discussion & Findings of present study indicate that performing 6 and 14 one-hour sessions of intermittent hypoxia in consecutive days cause no significant effect in plasma adiponectin and BMI of obese people with type II diabetes.

Nowadays, the evidence-based training is taken into consideration with the aim of serious, clear and logical use of the most common evidence for decision making in medical education. Evidence-based training is an effective method in student's education and understanding the teachers and students views in the context of this new approach will encourage the development of applications. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences and perceptions of Medical Educators and Students about Evidence-based training. This qualitative study was conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Five students and 13 educators were selected by purposive sampling and their experiences and viewpoints were identified until achieving data saturation. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze data. Three main themes categorized in this research including “educational interventions”, “educator's experiences” and “learning conditions”. “Evidence of teaching and learning”, “research in education”, “attitude and personal beliefs”, “professional knowledge and experience”, “conditions of students” and “educational environment conditions” were considered as subthemes in evidence-based training.Discussion & According to the participants’ experiences and perception, evidence-based training is based on educational interventions, educator's experiences and learning conditions. In order to improve medical students’ learning, medical education based on personal beliefs should change to training based on the best evidence.

Relation between respiratory problems and presence of air bacteria and fungi has been shown in many studies. Exposure to pollution due to bioaerosols almost is an inevitable feature of urban living throughout the world, and contact with fresh air microorganisms associated with a wide range of harmful effects on health. The present study aimed to study of type and density of isolated bacteria in normal and dusty conditions of different locations and seasons in Ahvaz city. The air sampling was conducted by using a microbial air sampler (Quick Take-30, SKC, USA), with a flow rate of 14.3 L/min; placed at (1.5–2 m height) as a representative of human respiratory height. The sampling duration were 15 and 5 minutes at different sampling stations during summer, autumn and winter seasons (Totally 183 samples). Sampling was performed at normal conditions two times a day: morning (9–12) and afternoon (14:00–17:00) for normal and dusty air, respectively. The colonies were cultured in nutrient media and the type and density of microorganisms were detected by staining and viewed by microscope and based on biochemical tests and detection and counting of colonies have been reported in terms of CFU/m3. Average of total bacterial concentrations for normal and dusty days in ahvaz were 442.34, 889.93 CFU/m3, respectively. The total number of bacteria in dusty days was 2 twice more than normal days. The mean concentrations for Mohit Zist, Naderi, Behdasht Ghadim, and Havashenasi stations were 665.2, 943.4, 657.6, and 437.8 CFU/m3, respectively and the average bacteria concentrations in winter, spring and fall, were observed 760, 84, 515.15 and 479.87 CFU/m3, respectively. In this study, 9 genera of bacteria were isolated including environmental, opportunistic, human body flora and even series of unknown bacteria. Common bacteria in normal and dusty conditions are Bacillus, Streptomyces and Corynebacterium. Among gram-positive bacteria had the highest concentration with more than 89%, and Bacillus species are most abundant genera were isolated from the air in Ahwaz.Discussion & whatever environment has more population density and more traffic, and low vegetation, the concentration of bacteria in environment is high which this concentration of bacteria is inversely related to temperature and UV index of environment. In this study the most important reasons for an increasing in number of bacillus isolated was gram-positive bacteria resistant than drought environment and sporulation in Bacillus which lead to their survival in adverse conditions.

Ovarian cancer is the sixth common cancer in the world. Several risk factors including age, early menarche, delayed menopause, infertility, obesity and Nuliparity for ovarian cancer have already been reported. In this study, prevalence of associated risk factors with ovarian masses was assessed. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all (n=70) women's record were recruited with ovarian masses who referred to Ilam pathobiology centers during 2007-2009. The instrument for collecting data was a checklist that completed by phone interview. SPSS software was used and data were analyzed by Chi-Square test. The mean age of patients was 34.60 ± 13.63 years and more than two-thirds (70.2%) of them were overweight and obese. The most frequent detected masses were ovarian cysts (28.5%), mucinous cyst adenoma (21.4%), mature cyst teratoma (18.5%) and serous cyst adenoma (15.7%) respectively. 6.2% of women were affected by malignant tumor. There was a significant correlation between menarche age, using OCP and NSAIDS drugs and type of ovarian masses (P <0.008 and P <0.006 respectively). Discussion & Ovarian cysts and Mucinus cyst adenoma were common diagnosed ovarian masses. Using OCP and NSAIDS drugs, age of menarche more than 13 years and low BMI were factors that decrease the risk of ovarian masses.

Modeling is one of the most basic methods to explain the statistical variables that by using it we can realize the response variable distribution. Mixture distribution can improve the goodness of fit largely, so, the aim of this study was to introduce the mixture of logarithmic series distribution and modeling of effects of nutrition on complications in diabetic patients by it. This study examined appropriate model fitted related to diabetic patient's data after introducing the mixture of logarithmic series distribution. 32 variables have been considered which related to type and consumption instruction of food as independent variables and complication as dependent variable. The results showed that according to chi-square value of Mixture logarithmic series distribution, fitted model with a mixing ratio of 1/32 to all independent variables are reasonable model.Discussion & given that data of diabetic patient's complications have no zero density and also comparing χ^2 statistic from mixture of logarithmic series distribution combined and mixed Poisson distribution, we find that mixed logarithmic series distribution model gives a better fit to data.

Chalcones and their derivatives have strong anti-cancer activity. The aim of present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity effect of new synthetic chalcone on Hela cell line. Hela cell line were cultured in RPMI1640 liquid medium along with with 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics. Cells were cultured with various concentrations of chalcone for 72 hours and were analyzed by using the MTT test. Statistical analysis was performed by using of students T-Test. Apoptosis were examined on Hela cell lines after 24 hours in concentration of 40 µg/ml chalcone by Microscopic method. The results of this study showed that new synthetic chalcone at concentrations of (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 160 µg/ml) inhibit the growth of Hela cell line 63. 75، 56. 58،54. 46،33. 60،18. 74،14. 96 after 72 hours, respectively. The highest percentage of growth inhibition at a concentration of 10 µg/ml was 63. 753. The IC50 value for Hela cells was 40 μg/ml. Our findings showed that grow the cells have reduced at concentrations of 10 and 20 µg/ml significantly compared to control group after 72 hours. Discussion & Based on our research, synthetic chalcone has anti proliferation activity against HeLa cells lines. This activity is related to its effect on cell cycle by inducing G2 / M phase. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of this new chalcone.

nowadays, cow's milk is one of the most important and commonly used animal milk consumed by human and it is a unique source of food for all ages. When the milk is contaminated with heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, it is considered a threat to human. Lead and Cadmium poisoning cause adverse effects on human, which is more common in childhood period. This study aimed to investigate the Lead and Cadmium level in caw milk in Zabol. Randomly, 100 samples of milk were directly collected from the farms cows of the 5 Zabol's areas that tested to determine Lead and Cadmium residues by using Association of Analytical Communities (A.O.A.C) protocol. The heavy metals were determined by using a Rayleigh atomic absorption spectrome equipped with hollow cathode lamps (HCL) at 283.3 nm for Lead (Pb) and at 228.8 nm for cadmium. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. It was indicated that the mean of lead level was 9.175± 2.581 ppb and for cadmium 4.557 ± 1.08 ppb in raw milk. P-values equal to 0.057(p<0.05) ppb for lead and was considered for cadmium was 0.435 (p<0.05) ppb. The standard levels for lead and cadmium were considered 1000 ppb and 10 ppb respectively Lead and cadmium contamination was less than standard in all milk samples. Discussion & The measuring of the samples showed that the Lead and Cadmium level were lower than the global standard, so all of the collected fresh milk was clean, pure and safe.

Enterococci are normal flora in the human intestinal tract and vagina and are growing its importance as hospital-acquired pathogen. E. faecalis and E. faecium are two predominant speices causing infection. The aim of this study was to investigate on prevalence of enterococus and its antibiotic resistance in isolated samples from vagina. Isolates samples were obtained from women with spontaneous abortions (n=198) and were identified to the genus and species level by cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. The susceptibility of the isolates samples to antibiotic drugs was determind by the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. From all of the specimens, 128 cases confirmed as Enterococcus. (63.2%) and (35.1%) strains were Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. All of the isolates samples were susceptible to imipenem and resisrant to oxacilin. Resistance of the isolates samples to antibiotics were as follows: vancomycin (3.1%), tecoplanin (18.2%), ciprofloxacin (11.1%), chloramphenicol (15/8%), erythromycin (63.4%), Cefotaxime (36.6%), gentamicine (29.3%).Discussion & In examined cases from this research, enterococcus was detected in 63.2% of cases. Given that the presence of these bacteria in the vaginal flora of 20% as reported, the results of this study are more than expected. Since all samples were sensitive to imipenem, it is recommended that it be used for treatment.

Suicide is one of the main problems in mental health and social sectors. Ilam is one of the three provinces with high incidence of this phenomenon in the country. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors for suicide in Ilam. In this retrospective study, 745 cases of suicide attempted by population in Ilam province. The results of this study suggest that the majority of the 52.5% suicide cases were men. The number of women suicide attempters included 47.5%. Considering the relationship between suicide and psychiatric disorders, the present study showed that 21.7% of suicide attempters with the highest percentage, has been motivated by a family dispute.Discussion & The results indicated that motives for suicide in the past 5 years, was 13.4%, which raised to 22.5% in 91%. It is indicative of the increase in family disputes. Most suicides in the last 5 years in Ilam 46.4 and it indicate a significant decrease of 25.8% in 1391. The results show that common techniques of suicide among women in a six year period are respectively as follows: with oil-immolation, hanging and poisoning with the hooves. Among men this order was as hanging, firearms, self-mutilation and burning of the oil.